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CTB > CTB1 - Anatomy of the Respiratory and Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

CTB1 - Anatomy of the Respiratory and Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two regions of the respiratory tract, and what do they consist of?

A

Upper respiratory tract - nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx.

Lower respiratory tract - trachea, primary bronchi, lungs.

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2
Q

What are the two entrances to the body?

A

Nasal passage/nose. Mouth.

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3
Q

What is the first organ of the respiratory system? What other system is this organ part of?

A

Nose. Part of olfactory (smelling system).

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4
Q

Describe the nasal cavity and its structure.

A

Internal space of the nose. Divided into two cavities (fossae).

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5
Q

What structure divides the nasal cavity to form the fossae?

A

Nasal septum.

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6
Q

Which main arteries supply the nasal cavity with blood? Why does the nasal cavity need to be vascularised?

A

Internal and external carotid arteries.

Ensures that air entering the nasal cavity is warmed, prior to penetrating further into the respiratory system.

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7
Q

What lining, lines the nasal cavity? What cell types does it contain? What is the main function of these cell types?

A

Contains respiratory epithelium.
Epithelium contains ciliates cells, mucus secreting goblet cells, submucosal glands.
Ensures that air within nasal cavity is kept moist. Protects damage to deeper areas of the respiratory tract.

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8
Q

What are the ala and apex of the nose?

A

Apex - point of nose.

Ala - flappy bits on the side of the apex.

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9
Q

Name the turbinates and their function.

A

Superior, middle and inferior turbinate. Also referred to as concha (plural is conchae).

Provide turbulence to air within the nasal cavity. Slows it down. Ensures that the air is warmed and humidified.

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10
Q

What three changes need to occur to air entering the nasal cavity?

A

Must be warmed, humidified and filtered.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of nose hair?

A

Filters larger particles preventing them from entering the nasal cavity and penetrating further into the lungs.

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12
Q

What are the two main sinuses? What are their function? Where do they drain into?

A

Frontal sinus and sphenoid sinus.
Purpose - mucus production for nasal cavity protection.
Frontal sinus drains into middle turbinate.
Sphenoid sinus drains into superior turbinate.

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13
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx and where are they found?

A

Nasopharynx - in line with nasal cavity.
Oropharynx - in line with oral cavity.
Laryngopharynx - in line with larynges.

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14
Q

What structure within the area of the nasal cavity contributes to smelling? What key cells are present to aid this process?

A

Olfactory tract and olfactory bulb. Contain receptors within pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells which are sense receptors.

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15
Q

What is the role of sneezing?

A

Reflex action. Ensures that particles that may irritate the respiratory system are expelled prior to entering deep into the respiratory tract.

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16
Q

Explain why the pharynx is warm and moist.

A

Warm due to vascularisation.

Moist due to mucus producing from ciliated cells, mucus secreting goblet cells and submucosal glands.

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17
Q

Why is it important that air is warmed and humidified?

A

Ensures that the lower respiratory tract is protected from damage and infection.

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18
Q

Why can nasal infections sometimes cause ear infections?

A

Tube within the nasopharynx connects to the middle ear, meaning that infections can sometimes spread.

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19
Q

Where is the pharynx located?

A

Located at the back of the throat/neck. Forms part of the alimentary canal.

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20
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A

Structure found in the neck. Contains upper part of trachea.

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21
Q

What is the role of the epiglottis during swallowing?

A

Flaps down to ensure that food does not enter the trachea.

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22
Q

Consider air and food. What enters the pharynx and what enters the larynx?

A

Pharynx - both air and food.

Larynx - only air.

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23
Q

What is the difference in tissues that constitute the pharynx and larynx respectively?

A

Pharynx - muscular tissue.

Larynx - cartilage tissue (different types including thyroid)

24
Q

What structure contains the vocal chords?

A

Larynx contains the vocal cords.

25
Q

What is the difference between extrapulmonary and intrapulmonary structures?

A

Extrapulmonary - sits outside of the lungs.

Intrapulmonary - sits within the lungs.

26
Q

What systems are the pharynx and larynx respectively, a part of?

A

Pharynx - respiratory and digestive system.

Larynx - respiratory system.

27
Q

Discuss the chest wall - what is it, how does it recoil and what is its purpose?

A

Structure consisting of rib cage, sternum and intercostal muscle. Naturally recoils outward. Supports the lungs.

28
Q

Discuss the lungs - what is it, how does it recoil and what is its purpose?

A

Elastic soft tissues for gas exchange. Naturally recoil inwards.

29
Q

What is at the chest wall-lung interface?

A

Connective tissue - in the form of pleura. Contains both parietal and visceral pleura.

30
Q

What are the two types of pleura and where are they located? What exists between the pleura?

A

Parietal pleura - inner surface of chest wall.
Visceral pleura - outer surface of lungs.

Between pleura is the pleural cavity. Contains interpleural fluid.

31
Q

What is interpleural fluid and its purpose?

A

Small amount of fluid within pleural cavity. Acts as a lubricant between the lungs and chest wall.

32
Q

What is the intra-pleural cavity pressure - value and function?

A

Approx -5cmH2O.
Negative relative to atmospheric pressure due to natural recoil of lung and chest wall. Ensures that lungs do not collapse.

33
Q

Discuss overview of breathing including muscles involved and pressure changes.

A

Diaphragm contract, flattens and moves down. Intercostal muscles contract, moving rib cage up and out. Thoracic cavity size increases meaning intrapulmonary volume increases. Negative pressure within lung causes air to rush in from outside.

Diaphragm relaxes and domes upwards. Intercostal muscles relax moving rib cage down and in. Thoracic cavity size decreases meaning intrapulmonary volume decreases. Increased intrapulmonary pressure, comparative to outside, causing air to move out.

34
Q

What structures surround the trachea to ensure it does not collapse or affect swallowing? Describe their orientation.

A

C shaped strips of cartilage. Open side faces dorsal side. Provides additional strength to trachea. Prevents collapse. Ensures that oesophagus and swallowing is not affected.

Orientation - not a uniform stack. Gives greater tensile strength and ability to move when not stacked neatly.

35
Q

What is a key adaptation of the alveolar to aid their function?

A

Large surface area with thin surface. Ensures that gas exchange is fully efficient and optimised.

36
Q

Why are the conducting airways so called?

A

Conduct air into and out of the lungs.

37
Q

How do bronchioles stay open?

A

Do not posses cartilage strips to keep patency. Contain surfactant and other compounds which reduce surface tension and limit collapse.

38
Q

Give the names of the differing structures of the airway from the trachea to the alveoli.

A

Trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles - respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs.

39
Q

How do the following factors change as the bronchial tree is descended: diameter, length, number, total cross sectional area.

A

Diameter - decreases
Length - decreases
Number - increases markedly.
Total cross sectional area - increases markedly

40
Q

What is the name of the type of branching within the bronchial tree?

A

Dichotomous/fractal branching.

41
Q

How does COPD affect the airways?

A

Structure and anatomy of airways is altered - gives rise to difficulties in breathing.

42
Q

Discuss the changes in resistance as the airway generation increases.

A

Resistance initially increases from trachea to bronchi. Following this, there is a rapid decrease in resistance. Almost no resistance present within the respiratory zone.

43
Q

What are the two zones of the bronchial tree?

A

Conducting zone.

Transitional/respiratory zone

44
Q

What are the four layers of the trachea wall from inside to outside?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, cartilage, adventitia.

45
Q

What structures are present within the mucosa?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells. Goblet cells. Cilia.

46
Q

What structures are present within the submucosa?

A

Smooth muscle. Blood vessels. ECM (collagen, elastin).

47
Q

What cartilage forms the C strip?

A

Hyaline.

48
Q

Discuss structural and functional link between smooth muscle, submucosal gland and lumen.

A

Submucosal gland is embedded within muscle layer and extends to the lumen. When muscle contracts, this pushes substance out of the gland into the lumen.

49
Q

Give brief overview of mucociliary clearance.

A

Cilia located on epithelial cells are involved in clearing the lumen. Periodic movements ensure substances are moved along the lumen and cleared from the body.

50
Q

Give another name for alveolar region.

A

Lung parenchyma.

51
Q

Give examples of types of cells within the alveolar region.

A

Type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells.
Macrophages.
Fibroblasts.

52
Q

What structure is closely associated with alveolar regions - what is the function of this?

A

Capillaries. Allows for efficient gas exchange between alveolus and bloodstream.

53
Q

Discuss the abundance and function of macrophages within alveolar regions.

A

A few per cell. Vital for ingestion of foreign inhaled particles and microbes. Protection against these particles.

54
Q

Discuss the role of fibroblasts within alveolar regions.

A

Production of ECM for structure.

55
Q

Which cell type is most abundant within the alveolar region? What is their role?

A

Type I epithelial cells. Thin cells allowing for efficient gas exchange.

56
Q

What are the three main roles of type II epithelial cells?

A

Replacement of type I epithelial cells.
Secretion of surfactants and anti proteases.
Play role in xenobiotic metabolism.

57
Q

What is the role of surfactants within the alveolar region and why are they required?

A

Surfactants reduce surface tension. Ensure that alveolar region does not collapse. Required as cartilage strips are not present to hold the airways open.

CTB (9 decks)

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