CTB1 Flashcards
To learn and understand content for CTB1
What are the major components of the respiratory system?
The nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
What are the upper airways?
The nasal passages, pharynx, and larynx.
What is the function of the nasal cavity?
To warm, humidify, and filter inhaled air.
What is the role of nasal conchae (turbinates)?
They create turbulence, slowing airflow for better warming, moistening, and filtering.
What is the pharynx, and what are its parts?
A muscular tube divided into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
What is the larynx, and what is its primary function?
Also called the voice box, it facilitates sound production and protects the trachea during swallowing.
What is the trachea?
A rigid tube supported by cartilage, conducting air to the bronchi.
What are the bronchi?
The main airways branching from the trachea into the left and right lungs.
How do the right and left bronchi differ?
The right bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical, making it more prone to foreign body entry.
What is the bronchial tree?
A hierarchical network of airways, from the trachea to terminal bronchioles.
What are terminal bronchioles?
The smallest airways in the conducting zone, leading to respiratory bronchioles.
What are respiratory bronchioles?
The first structures of the respiratory zone, containing some alveoli.
What are alveoli?
Air sacs where gas exchange occurs between the lungs and blood.
What is the pleura?
A double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs.
What is the visceral pleura?
The inner layer attached directly to the lung surface.
What is the parietal pleura?
The outer layer attached to the chest wall.
What is the pleural cavity?
The space between the visceral and parietal pleura containing pleural fluid.
What is the function of pleural fluid?
To reduce friction during lung movement and create surface tension for lung expansion.
What are the lobes of the lungs?
The right lung has three lobes (superior, middle, inferior), and the left lung has two (superior, inferior).
What are the key structural differences between the right and left lungs?
The right lung is larger and has three lobes, while the left lung is smaller and has two lobes with a cardiac notch.
What are the main structures in the hilum of the lung?
Bronchi, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, lymph nodes, and nerves.
What is the diaphragm?
A dome-shaped muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities, crucial for respiration.
What is the thoracic wall composed of?
The ribcage, sternum, thoracic vertebrae, intercostal muscles, and connective tissues.
How does the diaphragm contribute to breathing?
Its contraction increases thoracic volume, creating negative pressure for inhalation.
What is the intercostal muscle function in respiration?
External intercostal muscles elevate the ribs during inhalation, and internal intercostal muscles depress them during forced exhalation.
What is the cardiovascular system composed of?
The heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood.
What are the layers of the heart wall?
The epicardium (outer), myocardium (middle muscular layer), and endocardium (inner).
What is the function of the pericardium?
A protective sac surrounding the heart, reducing friction and anchoring the heart.
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Two atria (left and right) and two ventricles (left and right).
What is the function of the right atrium?
It receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation.
What is the function of the right ventricle?
It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
What is the function of the left atrium?
It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins.
What is the function of the left ventricle?
It pumps oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation via the aorta.
What are heart valves?
Structures ensuring unidirectional blood flow through the heart.
What are the atrioventricular valves?
The tricuspid valve (right) and mitral valve (left), located between the atria and ventricles.
What are the semilunar valves?
The pulmonary valve (to the pulmonary artery) and aortic valve (to the aorta).
What are the main types of blood vessels?
Arteries, veins, and capillaries.
How do arteries differ from veins?
Arteries have thicker walls to withstand high pressure, while veins have thinner walls and valves to prevent backflow.
What are capillaries?
Microscopic vessels where nutrient, gas, and waste exchange occurs.
What is the systemic circulation?
The pathway where oxygenated blood is distributed to the body and deoxygenated blood returns to the heart.
What is pulmonary circulation?
The pathway where deoxygenated blood is sent to the lungs for oxygenation and then returned to the heart.
What are the great vessels of the heart?
The aorta, superior and inferior vena cavae, pulmonary arteries, and pulmonary veins.
What is the cardiac cycle?
The sequence of events in one heartbeat, including systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation).
What is the significance of coronary circulation?
It supplies the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients.
What are the key differences between adult and foetal circulation?
Foetal circulation includes shunts like the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus to bypass non-functional lungs.
What is the foramen ovale?
A foetal shunt allowing blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium.
What is the ductus arteriosus?
A foetal shunt connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the lungs.
What is the ductus venosus?
A foetal shunt bypassing the liver, directing blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava.
What changes occur at birth in foetal circulation?
The foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus close as lungs become functional.
What is the lymphatic system’s role in the cardiovascular system?
It returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood and helps with immune function.
