CT2 Flashcards
Dalton’s model of the atom
all matter is made of atoms
atoms are small
can’t be broken down(false)
all atoms of are element are the same but different from another elements
modern model of an atom
protons and neutrons form the nucleus and electrons orbit around it at very high speeds
Who discovered sub atomic particles
Catholde
Electrons
particles smaller than atoms found in atoms they have a negative charge
Electric charges
Proton +1
Neutron 0
Electron -1
relative masses
Proton: 1
Neutron: 1
electron: =0
location of the subatomic particles
Proton: Nucleus
Neutron: Nucleus
electron: Orbiting nucleus
if an atom has a neutral charge (0) it has
the same number of prtons and electrons
the way electrons orbit
at a set distance
at a set energy level called an electron shell
compare nucleus to atom
atom is 1000 times bigger than nucleus
Define isotopes
atoms of same element with different number of neutrons
relative mass
protons + neutrons
atomic cumber
protons
how is the relative atomic mass calculated
add up the regular element and the isotopes in proportion and divide by the number of elements you added up (it is a mean of all the variations of the element)
ar
RAM or relative atomic mass
atomic mass formula
(abundance isotope 1 x mass of isotope1) + (abundance isotope 2 x mass of isotope 2):
number of isotopes
Mendeleev
ordered atoms by atomic mass(left to right) and groups by properties(top to bottom) he left blank spaces for undiscovered elements
Moseley
X-ray análisis to show that properties are linked to atomic numbers.
How are the elements in the periodic table arranged
By atomic number
columns called groups that indicate the number of electrons in the last shell
rows called periods that indicate the number of shells
how electrons are arranged
they fill up the shells from inner to outer
the 1st shell can hold up to 2 electrons
the rest of the shells can hold up to 8
how to name compounds
1 metal firs
2 non metal comes second except for oxygen
3termination:
if it doesn’t have oxygen ide
if its oxygen +1 element ide
if it is oxygen + 2 or more things ate
how particles are arranged in a gas
random
not touching
speed out in all space available
movement of particles in a gas
freely
all directions
bounce
evaporating
particles stay randomly arranged
they get further apart
they can move freely
condensing
the particles stay randomly arranged
they get closer together
now they only move around each other
how particles are arranged in a liquid
randomly
touching each other
take the shape of the container
movement in particles in a liquid
flow
move in any direction through liquid
theymove arroud each other
melting
particles have more energy from heat
start to move
break the atractive forces
Freezing
particles lose energy
movement stops
attractive forces appear
arrangement of particles in a solid
regular patron
tightly packed, no space
keeps its shape
movement of particles in a solid
vibrations in fixed positions
melting point
temperature at witch certain substance passes from solid to liquid
boiling point
temperature at witch certiain substance passes from liquid to gas
parts of the apparatus used for filtration
funnel
filter papper
conical flask
parts of apparatus used for simple distillation
fireproof mat
Bunsen burner
tripod
gauze
evaporating basin
filtration
the separation of a liquid and an isloluble solid using filter paper
it separates the solid RESIDUE
and a liquid FILTRATE
simple distillation
to separate a soluble solid from a liquid by evaporating the former
apparatus used in fractional distillation that aren used in simple distillation
anti bumping granules
condenser
thermometer
fractional distillation
used to separate liquid substances by using their different boiling points
the liquid that evaporates and then condenses is the distillate
solution
solute(solid)
solvent(liquid)
paper chromatography
separates coloured solutes from solutions like ink and food colouring
process of paper chromatography
1 draw a line on a filter paper in pencil with a ruler
2add substance(s) just above line
3sumerge the paper until the line
4 water will have risen and so will the substances separating into their different components
5 measure the hight the components have reached and calculate the rf value
how to calculate Rf values
maximum heigh reached by the substance divided by the height reached by the water
phases of paper shomatography
mobile phase: solvent and solute
stationary phase: paper and bowl
