CT: chapter 1

Question 1

Claim

Answer 1

When a belief (judgement/opinion) is asserted in a declarative sentence, the result is a claim, or assertion.

Question 2

Objective claim vs. subjective claim

Answer 2

Objective: truth is independent of personal opinion
Subjective: truth is dependent of personal opinion

Question 3

Relativism

Answer 3

Truth is relative to the standards of a given culture and one culture is not more correct or true than another.

Question 4

Moral subjectivism

Answer 4

Moral judgements are sunjective; what makes them good or bad is the opinion of the beholder.

Question 5

Issue

Answer 5

A question

Question 6

Factual claim

Answer 6

Another name for an objective claim, nut is not actually ‘factual’ (true).

Question 7

Argument

Answer 7

Consists of 2 parts
1. The premise/premises provide: provides reason/s to accept the this position
2. The conclusion: position on the issue

Question 8

Belief bias

Answer 8

Tendency to evaluate reasoning by how believable the conclusion is.

Question 9

Confirmation bias

Answer 9

Tendency to attach more weight to considerations that support views.

Question 10

Availability heuristic

Answer 10

Heuristic: general rules we unconsciously follow in estimating probabilities (mental shortcuts)

Availability heuristic: Assigning a probability to an event based on how easily or frequently is it thought of.

Question 11

False consensus affect

Answer 11

assumption that our attitudes and those held by people around us are shared by society at large,

Question 12

Bandwagon affect

Answer 12

Tendency to align our beliefs with other people’s.

Question 13

Negativity bias

Answer 13

Attaching more weight to negative info than positive info

Question 14

Loss aversion

Answer 14

Being more strongly motivated to avoid a loss than to accrue a gain

Question 15

In-group bias

Answer 15

a set of cognitive biases that make us view people who belong to our group differently from people who don’t.

Question 16

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 16

Having an understanding of the behaviour of people in the in-group and another for people not in the in-group

Question 17

Obedience to authority

Answer 17

a tendency to comply with instructions from authority

Question 18

Overconfidence effect

Answer 18

a cognitive bias that leads us to overestimate what percentage of our answers on a subject are correct

Question 19

Better than average illusion

Answer 19

Self-deception that leads us to overestimate our abilities in comparison to others.

Question 20

Truth

Answer 20

a claim is true if it is free from error

Question 21

knowledge

Answer 21

if you believe something, have an argument beyond reasonable doubt that is it so, and have no reason to think you are mistake, you can claim you know it.