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Neuroanatomy > CT brain anatomy > Flashcards

CT brain anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which 6 bones make up the skull and skull base?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid and temporal bones

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2
Q

Describe the 3 layers of skull.

A

Outer cortical bone
Central cancellous (spongy/diploe) bone
Inner cortical bone

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3
Q

Name the four main sutures of the skull.

A

Coronal, sagittal, lambdoid and squamosal

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4
Q

Injury to the pterion can lead to injury of which artery? and what type of haematoma generally occurs?

A

Injury to the pterion can damage the MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY leading to and EXTRADURAL HAEMATOMA.

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5
Q

How does one differentiate skull sutures from fractures on CT?

A

Sutures are jagged, fractures are typically straight.

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6
Q

Which bones does the coronal suture unite?

A

The frontal bone with the parietal bones

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7
Q

Which bones does the saggital suture unite?

A

The two parietal bones

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8
Q

Which bones does the lambdoid suture unite?

A

The parietal bones with occipital bone

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9
Q

Which bones does the squamosal suture unite?

A

Portion of the temporal bone with the parietal bone

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10
Q

Which bones unite at the pterion?

A

The frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones.

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11
Q

Name the four cranial fossae.

A

Anterior, middle, posterior and pituitary fossae.

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12
Q

What portion of the brain does the anterior cranial fossa accommodate?

A

The anterior part of the frontal lobes.

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13
Q

What portion of the brain does the middle cranial fossa accommodate?

A

The temporal lobes.

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14
Q

What portion of the brain does the posterior cranial fossa accommodate?

A

The cerebellum and brain stem.

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15
Q

How much do air cells (aka ethmoid and mastoid sinuses) and sinuses vary in appearance between individuals?

A

Lots

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16
Q

Which sinuses are continuous with the middle ear?

A

The mastoid air cells/sinuses.

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17
Q

Which sinuses are continuous with the nasal pathways?

A

The ethmoid air cells/sinuses and sphenoids sinuse(s).

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18
Q

To what degree to frontal sinuses vary?

A

A large degree, some people dont even have them

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19
Q

How many sphenoid sinuses are there?

A

Trick question, it varies some have one single sinus, some people it is split into multiple sinuses.

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20
Q

What can a fluid level in the sphenoid sinus be a sign of?

A

In the context of trauma, a BASAL SKULL FRACTURE

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21
Q

Is mucosal thickening of the sinuses common?

A

Yes

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22
Q

Name the two thick infoldings of the menignes

A

1) Falx cerebri

2) Tentorium cerebelli

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23
Q

Which structures does the tentorium cerebelli separate?

A

The cerebellum and the cerebrum

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24
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli anchored by?

A

The petrous parts of the temporal bones

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25
What is the traumatic clinical significance of the tentorium cerebelli?
It may become more dense due to layering of blood caused by a SUBARACHNOID HEAMORRHAGE OR SUBDURAL HEAMATOMA
26
What does the falx cerebri spearate?
The two cerebral hemispheres
27
Are the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli continuous?
Yes they are.
28
What type of cancer can grow from the falx and tentorium?
Meningiomas which are benign intracranial tumours.
29
What brain fissures are?
Large CSF-filled clefts which separate structures of the brain
30
What is the name of the fissure that separates the frontal and temporal lobes?
The Sylvian fissures.
31
What is the name of the fissure that separates the two halfs of the brain?
The interhemispheric fissure
32
Where is the choroid plexus located?
In the lateral ventricles
33
What is the job of the choroid plexus?
To produce CSF
34
What would a calcified choroid plexus indicate?
Not much as this is normal in adults.
35
What is the name of the holes by which the lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle?
The foramina of Monro aka interventricular foramen
36
What plane is the third ventricle in?
The saggital plane.
37
Which two structures does the fourth ventricle sit between?
The cerebellum and the brain stem
38
What is the name of the canal between the third and the fourth ventricle?
The aqueduct of Sylvius aka the cerebral aqueduct.
39
What plane is the fourth ventricle in?
The coronal plane
40
What CSF structure surrounds the brain stem?
The basal cisterns
41
Which sulcus separate the frontal and parietal lobes?
The central sulcus
42
Why do radiologists refer to regions rather than lobes?
CT does not clearly show the anatomical borders of the lobes of the brain
43
What are the important grey matter structures that can be seen on CT?
The cortex, insula, basal ganglia and thalamus.
44
What is the role of the insula?
Contributes towards consciousness, emotion and homeostasis.
45
Which fissure is the insula very close to?
The sylvian fissure.
46
What does loss of definition of the insular cortex indicate?
Its an early sign of an acute infarct involving the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory
47
What type of disorders can insults to the basal ganglia produce?
Movement disorders
48
What type of disorders can insults to the thalamus produce?
Thalamic pain disorders
49
What are the internal capsules?
White matter tracts
50
What white matter does the internal capsules connects to superiorly and inferiorly?
Superiorly corona radiata and inferiorly the brain stem
51
What is the corona radiata?
The white matter tracts which connect to the grey matter of the cerebral cortex.
52
What arches over the lateral ventricles?
The corpus callosum
53
What does the corpus callosum connect?
The white matter tracts of the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
54
Describe the structure of the interal capsule and their functional roles.
An anterior limb --> sensory The middle called the genu A posterior limb --> motor
55
Which arteries supply the internal capsule?
The perforating branches of the middle cerebral arteries (MCAs)
56
What is a lacunar infarct?
Small (
57
What type of infarct are the perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) susceptible to?
Lacunar infarcts
58
What are the anterior and posterior portions of the corpus callosum called?
anterior=genu | posterior=splenium
59
What does genu refer to in neuroanatomy?
It means knee-like structure
60
What will a small insult to the internal capsule produce?
A profound affect on motor and sensory function
61
What connects the two sides of corona radiata?
The corpus callosum
62
What allows malignant lesions to spread from one hemisphere to another?
The corpus callosum (in other areas the falx cerebri acts as a relative barrier
63
What makes up the brain stem?
The midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
64
What should be done if there is particular concern regarding brainstem pathology seen on CT?
An MRI
65
Which arteries are the main ones supplying the brain?
The anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries and the vertebrobasilar arteries.
66
How can you identify the arteries of the brain on CT?
With difficulty
67
Which of the cerebral arteries supplies the largest area of the brain?
The middle cerebral artery
68
Which are does the anterior cerebral arteries supply
The frontoparietal region adjacent to the midline.
69
What regions do the perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery supply?
The basal ganglia and insula.
70
What do the vertebrobasilar arteries supply?
The cerebellum and brain stem.
71
Which structures in the brain are commonly calcified?
The choroid plexus, the pineal gland, the basal ganglia and the falx
72
What hormones does the pineal gland secrete and what is its general role?
Produces melatonin (a serotonin derivative) and it plays a part in the sleep-wake cycle in circadian (24hrly) and seasonal rhythms.
73
Where is the pineal gland located?
Immediately posterior to the third ventricle.
74
How common is the calcification of the choroid plexus?
Its almost always calcified
75
How common is the calcification of the pineal gland?
Very commonly partially or fully calcified
76
How common is the calcification of the basal ganglia?
Common in the elderly
77
How common is the calcification of the falx cerebri?
It is commonly calcified in adults
78
What can you mistake a calcified falx cerebri for? and how can you determine which is which?
It can be mistaken for acute intracranial blood and so you should use bone windows to determine this (rather than just brain windows.

Neuroanatomy (1 decks)

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