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Neuroanatomy > CT brain anatomy > Flashcards

CT brain anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which 6 bones make up the skull and skull base?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid and temporal bones

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2
Q

Describe the 3 layers of skull.

A

Outer cortical bone
Central cancellous (spongy/diploe) bone
Inner cortical bone

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3
Q

Name the four main sutures of the skull.

A

Coronal, sagittal, lambdoid and squamosal

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4
Q

Injury to the pterion can lead to injury of which artery? and what type of haematoma generally occurs?

A

Injury to the pterion can damage the MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY leading to and EXTRADURAL HAEMATOMA.

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5
Q

How does one differentiate skull sutures from fractures on CT?

A

Sutures are jagged, fractures are typically straight.

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6
Q

Which bones does the coronal suture unite?

A

The frontal bone with the parietal bones

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7
Q

Which bones does the saggital suture unite?

A

The two parietal bones

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8
Q

Which bones does the lambdoid suture unite?

A

The parietal bones with occipital bone

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9
Q

Which bones does the squamosal suture unite?

A

Portion of the temporal bone with the parietal bone

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10
Q

Which bones unite at the pterion?

A

The frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones.

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11
Q

Name the four cranial fossae.

A

Anterior, middle, posterior and pituitary fossae.

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12
Q

What portion of the brain does the anterior cranial fossa accommodate?

A

The anterior part of the frontal lobes.

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13
Q

What portion of the brain does the middle cranial fossa accommodate?

A

The temporal lobes.

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14
Q

What portion of the brain does the posterior cranial fossa accommodate?

A

The cerebellum and brain stem.

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15
Q

How much do air cells (aka ethmoid and mastoid sinuses) and sinuses vary in appearance between individuals?

A

Lots

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16
Q

Which sinuses are continuous with the middle ear?

A

The mastoid air cells/sinuses.

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17
Q

Which sinuses are continuous with the nasal pathways?

A

The ethmoid air cells/sinuses and sphenoids sinuse(s).

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18
Q

To what degree to frontal sinuses vary?

A

A large degree, some people dont even have them

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19
Q

How many sphenoid sinuses are there?

A

Trick question, it varies some have one single sinus, some people it is split into multiple sinuses.

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20
Q

What can a fluid level in the sphenoid sinus be a sign of?

A

In the context of trauma, a BASAL SKULL FRACTURE

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21
Q

Is mucosal thickening of the sinuses common?

A

Yes

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22
Q

Name the two thick infoldings of the menignes

A

1) Falx cerebri

2) Tentorium cerebelli

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23
Q

Which structures does the tentorium cerebelli separate?

A

The cerebellum and the cerebrum

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24
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli anchored by?

A

The petrous parts of the temporal bones

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25
Q

What is the traumatic clinical significance of the tentorium cerebelli?

A

It may become more dense due to layering of blood caused by a SUBARACHNOID HEAMORRHAGE OR SUBDURAL HEAMATOMA

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26
Q

What does the falx cerebri spearate?

A

The two cerebral hemispheres

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27
Q

Are the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli continuous?

A

Yes they are.

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28
Q

What type of cancer can grow from the falx and tentorium?

A

Meningiomas which are benign intracranial tumours.

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29
Q

What brain fissures are?

A

Large CSF-filled clefts which separate structures of the brain

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30
Q

What is the name of the fissure that separates the frontal and temporal lobes?

A

The Sylvian fissures.

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31
Q

What is the name of the fissure that separates the two halfs of the brain?

A

The interhemispheric fissure

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32
Q

Where is the choroid plexus located?

A

In the lateral ventricles

33
Q

What is the job of the choroid plexus?

A

To produce CSF

34
Q

What would a calcified choroid plexus indicate?

A

Not much as this is normal in adults.

35
Q

What is the name of the holes by which the lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle?

A

The foramina of Monro aka interventricular foramen

36
Q

What plane is the third ventricle in?

A

The saggital plane.

37
Q

Which two structures does the fourth ventricle sit between?

A

The cerebellum and the brain stem

38
Q

What is the name of the canal between the third and the fourth ventricle?

A

The aqueduct of Sylvius aka the cerebral aqueduct.

39
Q

What plane is the fourth ventricle in?

A

The coronal plane

40
Q

What CSF structure surrounds the brain stem?

A

The basal cisterns

41
Q

Which sulcus separate the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

The central sulcus

42
Q

Why do radiologists refer to regions rather than lobes?

A

CT does not clearly show the anatomical borders of the lobes of the brain

43
Q

What are the important grey matter structures that can be seen on CT?

A

The cortex, insula, basal ganglia and thalamus.

44
Q

What is the role of the insula?

A

Contributes towards consciousness, emotion and homeostasis.

45
Q

Which fissure is the insula very close to?

A

The sylvian fissure.

46
Q

What does loss of definition of the insular cortex indicate?

A

Its an early sign of an acute infarct involving the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory

47
Q

What type of disorders can insults to the basal ganglia produce?

A

Movement disorders

48
Q

What type of disorders can insults to the thalamus produce?

A

Thalamic pain disorders

49
Q

What are the internal capsules?

A

White matter tracts

50
Q

What white matter does the internal capsules connects to superiorly and inferiorly?

A

Superiorly corona radiata and inferiorly the brain stem

51
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

The white matter tracts which connect to the grey matter of the cerebral cortex.

52
Q

What arches over the lateral ventricles?

A

The corpus callosum

53
Q

What does the corpus callosum connect?

A

The white matter tracts of the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

54
Q

Describe the structure of the interal capsule and their functional roles.

A

An anterior limb –> sensory
The middle called the genu
A posterior limb –> motor

55
Q

Which arteries supply the internal capsule?

A

The perforating branches of the middle cerebral arteries (MCAs)

56
Q

What is a lacunar infarct?

A

Small (

57
Q

What type of infarct are the perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) susceptible to?

A

Lacunar infarcts

58
Q

What are the anterior and posterior portions of the corpus callosum called?

A

anterior=genu

posterior=splenium

59
Q

What does genu refer to in neuroanatomy?

A

It means knee-like structure

60
Q

What will a small insult to the internal capsule produce?

A

A profound affect on motor and sensory function

61
Q

What connects the two sides of corona radiata?

A

The corpus callosum

62
Q

What allows malignant lesions to spread from one hemisphere to another?

A

The corpus callosum (in other areas the falx cerebri acts as a relative barrier

63
Q

What makes up the brain stem?

A

The midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

64
Q

What should be done if there is particular concern regarding brainstem pathology seen on CT?

A

An MRI

65
Q

Which arteries are the main ones supplying the brain?

A

The anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries and the vertebrobasilar arteries.

66
Q

How can you identify the arteries of the brain on CT?

A

With difficulty

67
Q

Which of the cerebral arteries supplies the largest area of the brain?

A

The middle cerebral artery

68
Q

Which are does the anterior cerebral arteries supply

A

The frontoparietal region adjacent to the midline.

69
Q

What regions do the perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

The basal ganglia and insula.

70
Q

What do the vertebrobasilar arteries supply?

A

The cerebellum and brain stem.

71
Q

Which structures in the brain are commonly calcified?

A

The choroid plexus, the pineal gland, the basal ganglia and the falx

72
Q

What hormones does the pineal gland secrete and what is its general role?

A

Produces melatonin (a serotonin derivative) and it plays a part in the sleep-wake cycle in circadian (24hrly) and seasonal rhythms.

73
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

Immediately posterior to the third ventricle.

74
Q

How common is the calcification of the choroid plexus?

A

Its almost always calcified

75
Q

How common is the calcification of the pineal gland?

A

Very commonly partially or fully calcified

76
Q

How common is the calcification of the basal ganglia?

A

Common in the elderly

77
Q

How common is the calcification of the falx cerebri?

A

It is commonly calcified in adults

78
Q

What can you mistake a calcified falx cerebri for? and how can you determine which is which?

A

It can be mistaken for acute intracranial blood and so you should use bone windows to determine this (rather than just brain windows.

Neuroanatomy (1 decks)

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