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CT & MRI > CT Application 2 Head + Neck > Flashcards

CT Application 2 Head + Neck Flashcards

1
Q

function of frontal lobe

A

judgement, foresight, voluntary movement, smell

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2
Q

function of Broca’s area

A

speech

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3
Q

function of temporal lobe

A

intellect & emotions

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4
Q

function of brainstem

A

involuntary functions = swallow, breathing, waking, heartbeat

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5
Q

function of cerebellum

A

movement & balance coordination

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6
Q

function of Wernicke’s area

A

speech

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7
Q

function of occipital lobe

A

primary visual area

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8
Q

function of temporal lobe

A

hearing, memory, emotion

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9
Q

function of parietal lobe

A

language comprehension, temperature, pain, touch

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10
Q

white matter contains high amounts of ___

A

myelinated axons which are hypodense

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11
Q

grey matter contains high amounts of ___

A

cell bodies which are hyperdense

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12
Q

mater layers of the brain

A

dura, arachnoid, pia mater

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13
Q

which are potential spaces

A

epidural & subdural

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14
Q

which area is filled with CSF

A

subarachnoid space

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15
Q

where does CSF transfer occur between

A

arachnoid & pia mater

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16
Q

parts of brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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17
Q

primary indications for CT Brain

A
  • trauma (GCS < 15)
  • haemorrhages
  • hydrocephalus
  • guidance (pre/post op)
  • mental status changes
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18
Q

secondary indications for CT Brain

A
  • developmental delay
  • epilepsy
  • neurodegenerative diseases
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19
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

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20
Q

causes of acute neurological dysfunction

A
  • cerebral infarction
  • haemorrhage
  • infection
  • tumor
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21
Q

patient prep for head & neck CT

A
  1. check patient identifiers
  2. explain & get consent from patient
  3. co-relate clinical indication
  4. remove preventable artifacts
  5. check allergy, renal insufficiency, metformin
  6. check IV access, chest ports, PICC
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22
Q

PICC

A

peripherally inserted central catheter

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23
Q

what is tested for renal insufficiency

A

serum creatinine & eGFR

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24
Q

head & neck positioning

A
  1. patient head in first, supine
  2. arms beside body
  3. lower leg supported
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25
Q

where to isocenter gantry for CT head

A

align at EAM and ensure parallel to line between EAM & supraorbital ridge by tucking chin or tilting gantry

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26
Q

scan region of CT brain

A

base of skull > vertex

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27
Q

recon window for CT brain

A

brain and skull/bone

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28
Q

WW/WL for CT Brain

A

80-150/40
2000 - 4000/300-400

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29
Q

what effect does brain algorithm have

A

smoothing

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30
Q

what effect does bone algorithm have

A

edge enhancing

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31
Q

HU of bone

A

+1000

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32
Q

HU of white matter

A

+20 to +30

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33
Q

HU of muscle

A

+20 to +40

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34
Q

HU of gray matter

A

+30 to +40

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35
Q

HU of hemorrhage

A

+65 to +95

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36
Q

HU of CSF

A

0

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37
Q

HU of fat

A

-30 to -70

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38
Q

HU of air

A

-1000

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39
Q

stroke is the ___ principal cause of death in SG

A

4th

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40
Q

80% of strokes are ___ & 20% are ___

A

ischaemic; haemorrhagic

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41
Q

top 5 causes of death in SG

A
  1. cancer
  2. ischaemic heart disease
  3. pneumonia
  4. CVS
  5. hypertensive
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42
Q

epidrual hematoma occurs between ___

A

skull & dura mater

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43
Q

subdural hematoma occurs between ___

A

dura & arachnoid mater

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44
Q

how to differentiate between epidrual & subdural hematoma in terms of suture line

A

subdural hematoma crosses suture line whereas epidural does not

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45
Q

clinical indication of epidrual hemorrhage

A

loss of consciousness, lucid intervals

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46
Q

identifier of epidrual hemorrhage

A

sharplyu demarcated biconvex shape

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47
Q

identifier of subdrual hemorrhage

A

cresent shaped, homogenous hyperdense collection

48
Q

clinical indication of subdural hemorrhage

A

trauma, headache, nausea, vomitting, altered mental state

49
Q

pathophysiology of subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

85% rupture of intracranial aneurysm, vascular malformations, thunder clap headaches, stiff neck, altered consciousness

50
Q

where does bleeding of subarachnoid hemorrhage take place in

A

subarachnoid space (between arachnoid & pia mater)

51
Q

identifier of subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

hyperdense filling subarachnoid space commonly around circle of willis

52
Q

identifier of intracerebral hemorrhage

A

homogenous hyperdense intraparenchymal collection

53
Q

most common ischemic strokes

A
  1. large artery atherosclerosis
  2. small vessel occlusion
  3. cardio-embolism
  4. cryptogenic
54
Q

most common hemorrhagic strokes

A

intracerebral & subarachnoid hemorrhage

55
Q

ischemic strokes occurs due to ___

A

sudden obstruction of >1 cerebral arteries due to embolism or thrombosis

56
Q

what does stroke lead to

A

significant motor weakness & sensory disturbances

57
Q

identifiers of acute ischemic stroke

A
  1. hypodensity within parenchyma
  2. loss of gray/white matter
  3. disappearing basal ganglia
  4. hyperdense vessel sign
  5. loss of insular ribbon sign
58
Q

CT brain + IV indications

A

lesion, metastasis, arteriovenous malformation, infection, RT planning

59
Q

CT brain + IV procedure

A
  • patient remains still
  • 22/24G cannula used
  • wait 1-2 mins post injection then scan
60
Q

CAVMs

A

cerebral arteriovenous malformations

61
Q

GBM

A

glioblastoma

62
Q

vasogenic vs cytotoxic edema in terms of location

A

v: extracellular
c: intracellular

63
Q

vasogenic vs cytotoxic edema in terms of BBB

A

v: BBB destroyed
c: BBB intact

64
Q

vasogenic vs cytotoxic edema in terms of hypodensity

A

v: only white matter becomes hypodense
c: both grey and white matter becomes hypodense

65
Q

vasogenic vs cytotoxic edema in terms of grey white differentiation

A

v: heightened
c: loss

66
Q

vasogenic vs cytotoxic edema in terms of causes

A

v: tumor, metastasis, abscess
c: infarction, encephalitis, hypoxic injury

67
Q

non-contrast CT orbit indications

A

FB, trauma, blow out #

68
Q

IV CT orbit indications

A
  • infection/abscess
  • tumor
  • proptosis/diplopia
  • melanoma
69
Q

proptosis

A

bulging eye

70
Q

diplopia

A

double vision

71
Q

melanoma

A

skin cancer

72
Q

cannula for orbits

A

22G

73
Q

recon window for CT orbits

A

soft tissue + bone

74
Q

slice thickness for CT orbits

A

1-2mm

75
Q

delay timing for CT orbits

A

1-2 mins after IV injection

76
Q

non-contrast CT temporal bone indications

A
  • hearing loss
  • otalgia
  • otitis media
  • cholesteatoma
  • trauma
  • mastoiditis
77
Q

IV CT temporal bone indications

A
  • pulsatile tinnitus
  • paragangliomas
  • malignant otitis externa
78
Q

recon window for temporal bone / IAM CT

A

soft tissue + bone (inner ear)

79
Q

recon orientation for temporal bone / IAM CT

A

axial + sagittal = parallel to falx cerebri
coronal = perpendicular to falx cerebri

80
Q

indications for CT sinus + facial bones

A
  • sinusitis
  • trauma
  • polyps
  • deviated septum
  • surgical planning
  • neoplastic diseases / abscesses
81
Q

indications for IV + CT sinus + facial bones

A

TRO infection / tumor

82
Q

scan range for CT sinus

A

maxillary sinus / hard palate > frontal sinus

83
Q

scan range for CT facial bone

A

symphysis menti > frontal sinus

84
Q

recon window for CT facial bones

A

soft tissue + bone

85
Q

recon window for CT sinus

A

soft tissue + bone

86
Q

slice thickness for CT facial bones

A

3mm

87
Q

slice thickness for CT sinus

A

3mm

88
Q

which algorithm to be used for volume rendering of CT sinus / facial bones

A

smoothest

89
Q

what part of spine is most mobile

A

cervical vertebrae

90
Q

what foramina allows vertebral arteries to pass through

A

transverse foramen

91
Q

uniqueness of C1

A

no body, spinous process but has 2 large lateral masses

92
Q

function of C1 lateral masses

A

weight bearing articulation between cranium & vertebral column

93
Q

uniqueness of C2

A

large odontoid process that projects upwards

94
Q

function of uncinate processes of c3-7

A

prevents lateral movement of c-spine

95
Q

uniqueness of c3-6

A

bifid spinous process

96
Q

what lines must be evaluated in mid-sagittal view of C-spine

A
  1. anterior surface of vertebral bodies
  2. posterior surface of vertebral bodies
  3. spinolaminar line maintained by ligamentum flavum
  4. tip of spinous processes
97
Q

CT neck non-contrast indications

A
  • FB
  • salivary stones
  • trauma / degenerative changes
  • goitres
  • dysphagia
98
Q

dysphagia

A

swallowing difficulty

99
Q

goitres

A

neck swelling from enlarged thyroid gland

100
Q

CT neck IV-contrast indications

A
  • cyst
  • inflammation / abscesses
  • lymph nodes
  • RT simulation
  • tumor
  • vocal cord paralysis
101
Q

scan range of CT neck

A

base of skull > aortic arch

102
Q

recon window of CT neck

A

soft tissue + bone (trauma)

103
Q

slice thickness & interval of CT neck

A

3mm

104
Q

recon orientation of CT neck

A

soft tissues = axial + coronal
FB & trauma = axial + coronal + sagittal

105
Q

infarction

A

blood supply obstruction causing local tissue death

106
Q

encephalitis

A

brain inflammation

107
Q

otalgia

A

ear pain

108
Q

otitis media

A

middle ear infection

109
Q

Cholesteatoma

A

destructive & expanding growth of middle ear

110
Q

mastoiditis

A

infection of mastoids due to untreated or complicated acute otitis media

111
Q

otitis externa

A

ear canal inflammation

112
Q

polyps

A

growth in sinus

113
Q

scan range of CT orbits

A

floor of orbits > roof of orbits

114
Q

recon orientation of CT orbits

A

sagittal recon parallel to optic nerve for each orbit

115
Q

scan range of CT temporal bone / IAM

A

superior roof / mid frontal sinus to clear mastoids, parallel to hard palate

CT & MRI (12 decks)

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