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Critical Thinking > Ct All > Flashcards

Ct All Flashcards

1
Q

What is cognitive bias?

A

The systemic ways in which people categorize and make sense of the world to make judgments and decisions.

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2
Q

What is alief?

A

The automatic belief-like attitude that can explain how our instinctual responses can conflict with our well-reasoned beliefs.

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3
Q

What is anchoring?

A

The human tendency to stick close to the first piece of information we have about a new domain even if it is not presented as a fact.

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4
Q

What are heuristics?

A

a rule of thumb, a ready strategy, or a shortcut.

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5
Q

What is the representativeness heuristic?

A

A cognitive bias in which an individual categorizes a new situation based on nearest prototype or represntative experience in their mind

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6
Q

What is the availability heuristic

A

A cognitive bias in which an individual takes available information while not seeking out or considering unknown information resulting in a person jumping to conclusion

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7
Q

Name four cognitive biases

A

Representativeness heuristic and the availability heuristic (also heuristics in general)
Anchoring
Alief

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8
Q

What is a proposition?

A

Statements that can be true or false

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9
Q

What is a simple proposition?

A

no internal logical structure. Whether they are true or false doesn’t depend on whether a part of them is true or false.

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10
Q

What is a complex proposition?

A

Have an internal logical structure. Composed of simple propositions. Whether they are true or false depends on whether their parts are true or false and how those parts are connected.

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11
Q

What are 5 key words that might indicate a complex proposition?

A

and
or
but
either…or
if…then

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12
Q

What is a premise?

A

a proposition lending support to a conclusion whether directly or indirectly.

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13
Q

What two ways can arguments go wrong

A
  1. bad inferential structure
  2. false premise
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14
Q

Name some conclusion indicators (10)

A

therefore
so
it follows that
hence
thus
entails that
implies that
wherefore
as a result
we may conclude that…

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15
Q

Name some premise indicators (7)

A

Because
for
given that
in that
as
since
as indicated by

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16
Q

What is a deductive argument?

A

meant to provide decisive support for their conclusions.

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17
Q

What are inductive argument?

A

meant to provide probable support for their conclusions

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18
Q

What kind of arguments are sound?

A

Deductive

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19
Q

What kind of arguments are valid?

A

Deductive

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20
Q

What kind of arguments are cogent?

A

Inductive

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21
Q

What kind of arguments are strong?

A

Inductive

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22
Q

What are ampliative arguments?

A

arguments that are not inductive which include both inductive and abductive arguments.

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23
Q

What is abduction?

A

drawing a conclusion based on the explanation that best explains a state of events, rather than from evidence provided by the premises.

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24
Q

What are formal fallacies

A

arguments with a flawed structure

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25
Q

what are informal fallacies?

A

flawed because of their content

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26
Q

what is the antecedent

A

is the if in an if…then statement

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27
Q

What is the consequent?

A

is the then in an if..then statement

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28
Q

What is affirming the consequent?

A

If X, then Y
Y
Therefore, X

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29
Q

What is denying the antecedent?

A

If X, then Y
Not X
Not Y

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30
Q

What is Modus Ponens?

A

Affirming the antecedent

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31
Q

What is Modus Tollens

A

Denying the consequent

32
Q

What is equivocation?

A

All X are Y
What is W cannot be Z
Therefore no X are Z

33
Q

What is the fallacy fallacy?

A

when someone uses the fact that a fallacy was committed to justify rejecting the conclusion of the fallacious argument.

34
Q

What is begging the question

A

Occurs when one (either explicitly or implicitly) assumes the truth of the conclusion in one or more of the premises.

35
Q

What is the principle of charity?

A

interpreting your opponents argument or position in the most defensible position possible.

36
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

the natural tendency to seek out evidence that supports personal beliefs and to ignore evidence that undermines those beliefs

37
Q

What is cognitive bias?

A

Widespread tendencies to deviate from rational belief- forming practices

38
Q

What is alief?

A

automatic belief-like attitudes that can explain how our instinctual responses can conflict with our reasoned beliefs

39
Q

Define Heuristic

A

a rule of thumb, a ready strategy, a shortcut

40
Q

What are representative heuristics?

A

When faced with a new situation, we find the nearest prototype to help us understand what’s going on.

41
Q

What is the availability heuristic

A

a process where the mind generalizes based on what is available to it rather than what is objectively true

42
Q

“Every ______ I can think of is ________, so it seems reasonable to me to think that alll __________s are ___________.

A

Availability Heuristic

43
Q

What is Non-Response Bias?

A

The people who are most likely to complete a survey are systemically different form those who don’t

44
Q

What is stratified random sampling?

A

Splits the population into groups of interest and randomly selects people from each of the “strats” so that each group in the overall sample is represented proportionally

45
Q

What is cluster sampling?

A

creates clusters that are naturallly occurring and randomly selects a few clusters to survey instead of randomly selecting individuals.

46
Q

What is snowball sampling?

A

When current respondents are asked to help recruit people they know from the population of interest.

47
Q

What is system 1 thinking?

A

Fast, automatic and emotional thinking

48
Q

What is system 2 thinking?

A

Deliberate, effortful, and calculating thinking

49
Q

What is AD Hominem?

A

attacking the argues instead of the argument.

50
Q

What is a straw man fallacy

A

someone misinterprets someone else’s argument or position, characterizing it uncharitably so as to make it appear ridiculous or indefensible.

51
Q

What is a Red Herring

A

not staying on topic.

52
Q

What is the appeal to force?

A

argues that some proposition is true but uses it as a justification to claim a threat on the listener.

53
Q

What is Ad Populem?

A

Appeal to popularity to justify a practice, claim, or idea.

54
Q

What is appeal to consequences?

A

trying to assess truth or reasonableness of an idea based on the (typically negative) consequences of accepting that idea

55
Q

What is the appeal to ignorance?

A

We don’t know whether proposition X is true or false

Therefore it is true or false

56
Q

What is slippery slope

A

When one event is said to lead to some other (usually disastrous) event via a chain of intermediary events

57
Q

What is a Texas Sharpshooter

A

Could also be called the cherry-picking of evidence. Someone already knows what conclusion they’d like to prove and selects evidence which supports that conclusion.

58
Q

Post Hoc ergo Propter Hoc

A

After something, therefore because of that thing.

X occurred before Y
Therefore X caused Y

59
Q

What is a hasty generalization?

A

a generalization made about a group of people, events, etc made too quickly without proper evidence or with evidence containing too small of a sample size.

60
Q

What is a false dilemma / black and white thinking?

A

assumed without good reason that there are fewer options (usually two) than there really are.

61
Q

What is burden of proof shifting?

A

Deciding someone else must prove them wrong when they have the burden of proof. One should prove themselves right.

62
Q

What are syllogisms?

A

simple arguments. 2 premises and 1 conclusion or 1 premise and 1 conclusion.

63
Q

In an argument map, what do arrows imply?

A

inferential links or support.

64
Q
  1. I know voodoo is real.
  2. my cousin saw someone take on the characteristics, personality, and voice of a spirit during a ceremony.
  3. My cousin told me they saw this last week.
    What kind of support is 1. 2. and 3.
A
  1. conclusion
  2. premise.
  3. indirect support
65
Q

What is independent support?

A

When each premise seems like an argument for its conclusion on its own

66
Q

What is conjoint support

A

When a premise doesn’t seem to support the conclusion without the help of other premises.

67
Q

How do you test for conjoint support/

A

By pretending one of the premises if false and seeing if it affects any of the other premises’ validity.

68
Q

What is the general-specific pattern

A

when you see two premises where one premise is a general definition, generalization, or a hypothetical, conditional, or a general principle and the other is a specific claim about an individual under that generalization.

69
Q

What is a level/layer of an argument

A

one horizontal row of a carefully drawn argument map

70
Q

What is a main conclusion?

A

the final conclusion in an argument. Doesn’t serve as a premise or support for any other proposition.

71
Q

What is a main premise?

A

One amount the set of premises directly supporting the main conclusion.

72
Q

What is a sub-inference?

A

an inference from a premise to another premise. The conclusion of a sub-inference is never the bottom-most layer.

73
Q

What is a sub-premise?

A

a premise of a sub-inference.

74
Q

What is a sub-conclusion?

A

a conclusion of a sub-inference. A sub-conclusion is always a premise itself and it is usually one of the main premises unless the argument gets really complex

75
Q

Define inference

A

a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning

76
Q

what is a hidden assumption?

A

assumptions that are part of an argument but are not explicitly stated.

77
Q

what is normative principle?

A

a general rule which allows us to move from a simple statement of supposed fact to a prescription of what we should do.

Critical Thinking (1 decks)

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