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Question 1

With asthma, it is found to have contracted airway smooth muscle, mucosal thickening from ___a___ and cellular infiltration, and ___b____ that block smaller airways.

Answer 1

a) edema

Question 4

The pathophysiology of asthma involves the release of chemical mediators from ________ and _________.

Answer 4

mast cells and eosinophils

Question 5

An example of of a chemical mediator that contracts smooth muscle is ___a____, which is released by ___b_____.

Answer 5

a) histamine

Question 8

Besides the release of chemical mediators, another pathophysiological method of asthma involves abnormality in regulation of smooth muscle ____a____, which is due to an increase in ____b______ activity..

Answer 8

a) tone

Question 12

Besides the release of chemical mediators and abnormalities of smooth muscle, another pathophysiological method of asthma involves chronic airway inflammation due to an increased number of inflammatory cells even between acute attacks.

Answer 12

TRUE

Question 14

The early reaction phase of an asthma attack is also called “slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis” and involves leukotrienes.

Answer 14

FALSE

Question 16

The acute phase of an asthma attack is usually due to ____a_____ release, which happens in seconds, and within a few minutes you will start making ____b____.

Answer 16

a) histamine, tryptase

Question 19

After a few minutes into an asthma attack, after leukotrienes and PGs are being made, ___a____ are activated to release ___b_____.

Answer 19

a) t-cells (T lymphocytes)

Question 22

During the late reaction of an asthma attack, interleukins activate _________. Give some specific examples of these…

Answer 22

eosinophils

Question 26

Neutrophils release ________ during late reaction phase of an asthma attack to cause cellular infiltration and edema.

Answer 26

proteases, PAF

Question 32

e) TNF

Answer 32

c) leukotrienes

Question 37

d) leukotrienes

Answer 37

a) interleukins

Question 38

Over hours of time of an asthma attack, you will get cytokine production that will release __________. What are some examples?

Answer 38

interleukins

Question 40

What are some anatomical differences that you can see within an asthmatic’s bronchi versus a normal patient’s bronchi?

Answer 40

smooth muscle and epithelium are much thicker

Question 41

What are signs and symptoms of asthma?

Answer 41

wheezing

Question 50

e) all of the above

Answer 50

e) all of the above

Question 52

B2-agonists relax smooth muscle dependent of whatever is causing contraction.

Answer 52

FALSE

Question 59

e) all of these are SA-B2 agonists

Answer 59

d) formoterol

Question 68

g) all of the above

Answer 68

c) ipratropium

Question 77

g) all of the above

Answer 77

f) b & c

Question 86

g) none of the above

Answer 86

f) a & d

Question 93

e) hypertension

Answer 93

e) hypertension

Question 95

Ipratropium and tiotropium help in reversing bronchospasm, but only do so by blocking contraction due to ________.

Answer 95

ACh

Question 97

Ipratropium + albuterol (Combivent) has a (a) slower/faster onset and (b) less/more bronchodilation effect than B2 agonists.

Answer 97

a) slower

Question 105

e) triamcinolone

Answer 105

d) ipratropium

Question 112

e) dry mouth

Answer 112

b) dizziness

Question 118

e) none of the above

Answer 118

c) ipratropium and tiotropium

Question 119

Theophylline inhibits ___(a)____, which causes the metabolism of cAMP to (b)decrease/increase and cGMP to (c) decrease/increase.

Answer 119

a) phosphodiesterase (PDE 4, 5)

Question 124

Theophylline works antagonistically on which receptor?

Answer 124

Adenosine receptor antagonist

Question 126

Besides theophylline working mechanistically to inhibit phosphodiesterases PDE 4,5 and antagonize adenosine receptor A2B, is works with anti-inflammation actions to inhibit inflammatory mediators in which stage of response? (early or late response?)

Answer 126

late

Question 133

f) convulsions

Answer 133

c) hyperglycemia

Question 135

What is the dose of Theophylline that may cause CNS effects like convulsions and cardiac effects like arrhythmias?

Answer 135

doses >20mcg/ml

Question 136

What are the therapeutic levels for Theophylline?

Answer 136

5-20mcg/ml

Question 137

At what dose range can theophylline cause nausea, vomiting, and cardiac effects?

Answer 137

15-20mcg/dl

Question 138

At what dose range can Theophylline cause toxic effects, leading to seizures and arrhythmias?

Answer 138

30-40mcg/ml

Question 144

e) theophylline

Answer 144

c) cromolyn

Question 146

Cromolyn stabilizes ___a____ and must be taken (b) before/after antigen insult.

Answer 146

a) mast cells

Question 149

The mechanism in which Cromolyn and Nedocromil works is unknown, but they are thought to work on _________ involving granules moving to membranes.

Answer 149

Ca++

Question 157

g) none of the above

Answer 157

b) they inhibit anti-inflammatory cascade

Question 158

Corticosteroids works up to __a__ weeks for maximal effects and can cause ____b____.

Answer 158

a) 8 weeks

Question 169

f) all of the above are examples of corticosteroids

Answer 169

d) metoproterenol

Question 174

d) none of the above

Answer 174

c) control inflammation

Question 182

f) none of the above

Answer 182

b) Zafirlukast, CYP2C9 & CYP3A4

Question 183

Montelukast is a __a___ antagonist that inhibits the __b___ receptor that mediates inflammation, bronchial constrictions, and mucous secretions.

Answer 183

a) LTD4

Question 186

What agents are effective to use in Aspirin-induced asthma and where in the pathway does it work?

Answer 186

leukotriene anatagonists

Question 189

____a____ converts arachidonic acid into PGG2, whereas ______b______ converts arachidonic acid into 5-HPETE.

Answer 189

a) cyclooxygenase

Question 192

5-HPETE is converted into ___a___, and which ones (after this conversion) are considered to be the “slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis? (b)”

Answer 192

a) LTA4

Question 198

Which one does the opposite and contracts blood vessels and activates platelets? (b)

Answer 198

a) PGI2

Question 201

After cyclooxygenase converts arachidonic acid into PGG2, which one is involved in muscle contraction?

Answer 201

PGE2