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Question 1

adrenal glands
where are they located?
what is it derived from?

Answer 1

suprarenal glands
located above kidney in retroperitoneal

cortex derived from mesoderm
medulla derived from neural crest (is neural tissue)

Question 2

what are the 3 zones of the cortex? what does each produce?

Answer 2

zona glomerulosa: aldosterone?? responsive to angiotensin 2
zona fasciculata: cortisol, androgen?? responsive to ACTH
zona reticularis: cortisol, androgen?? responsive to ACTH

Question 3

what is medulla composed of?

what does it secrete?

Answer 3

composed of post?ganglionic sympathetic cells= chromaffin cells
secrete catecholamines into blood

Question 4

what diseases affect the adrenal cortex? the medulla?

Answer 4

cortex: hyperplasia, atrophy, neoplasms, autoimmune, infections, hemorrhage
medulla: neoplasms

Question 5

what is primary chornic adrenal insufficiency called?

what about inc aldosterone?
inc cortisol?
inc androgen?

Answer 5

addison?? chronic adrenal insufficiency

inc aldosterone: conn syndrome
inc cortisol: cushings
inc androgen: congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Question 6

what causes primary hyperplasia? secondary?
what is most common?
what causes secondary hyperaldosteronism and hypercortisolism?

Answer 6

primary: congenital lack of synthetic enzyme
secondary: inc trophic factor (ACTH, renin/angiotensin)

hyperaldo: hyperplasia of zona glomerulosa bc of inc renin/angiotensin
hypercortisol: hyperplasia zona fasciulata/reticularis due to inc ACTH

Question 7

what is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Answer 7

adrenogenital syndrome
lack of a steroid hormone synthetic enzyme
cant produce cortisol/aldosterone so it gets pushed into androgen pathway (you get virilization and salt wasting)

Question 8

what causes adrenal cortical atrophy?

Answer 8

prolongd medicinal glucocorticoids (dec ACTH) leads to bilateral adrenal cortical atrophy

if therapy abruptly withdrawn, atrophic adrenals cannot secrete adeuqate enough hormones so you get secondary adrenal insufficiency

Question 9

is adenoma of adrenal cortex common?

Answer 9

no
gross?? single, solid, encapsulated, yellow
histo: pale, lipid laden, well differentiated cells

can be functional or non function
if too much cortisol?? cushing syndrome
too much aldo: conn syndrome