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1
Q

What bones make up the orbit

A 
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid 
Lacrimal
Nasal
Palatine
Maxilla
Zygoma
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2
Q

What structures other than bones can be found in or around the orbit

A 
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Supra orbital foramen
Infra orbital foramen
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3
Q

What is meant by practitioner fulcrum

A

A fulcrum is a pivotal point around which a system operates
Allowed the two systems to connect
Calm quiet still state

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4
Q

What is Extention

A

The movement of the midline structures during the contraction phase
Opening an angle eg extending an elbow

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5
Q

What is Flexion

A

The movement of midline structures during the expansion phase
Closing of an angle eg flexing (bending) the elbow

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6
Q

If Flexion = Expansion what does extension =

A

Extension =contraction

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7
Q

Describe the motion in the sacrum during the extension phase of CS motion

A

Apex moves posteriorly

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8
Q

Describe the motion of the temporal bones during the extension phase of CS motion

A

Wobbly wheel motion
Internal rotation
Mastoid portions moving laterally

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9
Q

Describe the motion of the maxilla bone during the extension phase of CS motion

A

Two parts come together
Anterior portion moves away from the frontal bone
Whole maxillae-palatine-vomer complex may also be pushed slightly posteriorly

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10
Q

How would you approach the treatment of a baby suffering with poor sleep, hyperactivity and colic

A

Treating the baby as a whole
Family field - mother anxiety
Overstimulated sympathetic nervous system
Often as a result of birth trauma
Shock
- Solar Plexus area
- Sub occipital region, vagus and jugular foramen
Colic specifically - assessing when the start and stop
Look at their diet or mums diet if still breast feeding

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11
Q

When does the Anterior Fontanelle (Bregma) close

A

1.5 - 2 year

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12
Q

When does the Posterior Fontanelle (Lambda) close

A

3 months

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13
Q

When does the Antero-Lateral Fontanelle (Pterion) close

A

At 3 months

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14
Q

When does the Postero-Lateral Fontanelle close

A

At 1 Year

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15
Q

When and where do the Frontal bones fuse

A

Along the Metopic suture, fully fused by the age of 8

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16
Q

What are the parts of the Temporal bones called and when are they fused

A

Petro-Mastoid portion
Zygomatic portion
Tympanic ring
Usually united within he first few months

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17
Q

Name the parts of the Sphenoid and when do they fuse

A

Body and lesser wings
Right Greater wing and pterygoid plate
Left greater wing and pterygoid plate
Usually united within the first few months

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18
Q

Name the parts of the Occiput and when do they fuse

A

Basilar
Squamous and
2 Condylor portions
Fully fused by 6 years old
Condylor-Squamous cartilages fused by age of 3
Condylor-Basilar cartilages fused by age of 6

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19
Q

When is the Sphenoid-Basilar synchondrosis considered fully fused

A

Between the ages of 17-25

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20
Q

How would you approach the treatment of a patient with Asthma

A

Treat patient as a whole
Sympathetic nervous system at levels T2-T6 with significant restriction at T4
Parasympathetic Vagus nerve, nuclei found in and around the jugular foramen - subocciput release
Scapular hold - both lungs in your hands
Grief and anxiety held in lungs
Emotion centers - heart and solar plexus
Allergies, Immune system weakness, lung dysfunction, Structural imbalance in upper thoracic spine
Shock - birth trauma, premature birth, near drowning
fascial unwinding of pleura

21
Q

Patterns of the SBS

A 
Torsion
Lateral shift
Vertical shift
Side bending
Flexion/Extension
Compression
22
Q

What is meant by Torsion at the SBS and how would you treat it

A

Torsion pattern indicates there is a twist somewhere in the body.
At the SBS the sphenoid twists superiorly on one side relating to the occiput, the other twisting inferiorly
Like an avocado twisting in half
Torsion is named by the side that is superior
Engage with the system
Observe
Ask if there is any torsion
Do not encroach on the system
Follow, Allow, Wait for Stillness, Re-evaluate

23
Q

What is meant by Lateral Shift at the SBS and how would you treat it

A

Lateral Shift indicates there is a lateral shift pattern somewhere in the body.
Obvious cause would be a blow to the side of the head or pelvis
Practitioner would experience this as if the head were a parallelogram
The pattern is named by the direction towards which the thumbs (and sphenoid) are shifting ie a left lateral shift would have the thumbs moving to the left.
Engage with the system
Observe
Ask if there is any lateral shift
Do not encroach on the system
Follow, Allow, Wait for Stillness, Re-evaluate

24
Q

What is meant by Vertical Shift at the SBS and how would you treat it

A

Vertical Shift indicates there is a vertical shift pattern somewhere in the body.
Will manifest at the SBS as if the sphenoid body is shifting superiorly (thumbs being drawn) or inferiorly (thumbs being drawn down) in relation to the basi-occiput
Little fingers are moving in opposite directions
Engage with the system
Observe
Ask if there is any vertical shift but not in time with the rythmic motion so as not to confuse it with flexion/extension
Do not encroach on the system
Follow, Allow, Wait for Stillness, Re-evaluate

25
Q

What is meant by Side bending at the SBS and how would you treat it

A

Side bending indicates there is a Side bending pattern somewhere in the body, this could be a scoliosis due to vertebral restriction, a contraction of the pericardium or head injury
It is a gapping between the sphenoid body and the occiput, with a narrowing on the other side
Therapist will experience a bulge on one side, like a balloon inflating, with the other side seeming to cave in.
It is named for the bugling side, so a right side bend will feel a bulge on the right hand side.
Engage with the system
Observe
Ask the system if it would like to bulge
Do not encroach on the system
Follow, Allow, Wait for Stillness, Re-evaluate

26
Q

What is meant by Flexion/Extension at the SBS and how would you treat it

A

Are the usual physiological expressions of rhythmic motion of the CS system.
During flexion phase the sphenoid arcs forward and down (nose diving) together with the rest of the cranium. The occiput tucks under towards the atlas
During the expansion phase the sphenoid moves back and up. The occiput arcs back and out (also narrowing)
Engage with the system
Observe
Ask the system whether it prefers to move more readily into flexion or extension
Do not encroach on the system
Follow, Allow, Wait for Stillness, Re-evaluate

27
Q

What is meant by compression at the SBS and how would you treat it

A

Compression indicates there is a compression force held somewhere in the body
It could be a specific reflection of a lumbo-sacral compression or a suboccipital compression
A result of slipping on ice or a blow to the head or car accident. It could have arisen at birth.
It could also be associated with depression
The sphenoid is compressed posteriorly towards the occiput, compressing the joint
Practitioner may experience this as both thumbs being draw posteriorly towards the occiput
There is no ‘decompression’ pattern
Engage with the system
Observe
Ask the system if it would like to go into compression
Do not encroach on the system
Follow, Allow, Wait for Stillness, Re-evaluate
It is usually beneficial to offer decompression to the system

28
Q

What can be associated with compression at the SBS

A

Depression

29
Q

Describe the symptoms of Bells Palsy and which cranial nerve you would associate it with

A 
CrN VII - Facial Nerve
One-sided facial paralysis
Drooping of the corner of the mouth, drooling
Facial or ear pain
Impairment of taste
Inability to close one eye, tearing
Hypersensitivity to sound
Headache
30
Q

Describe the location of the Straight Sinus

A

At the junction of the tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebri and falx cerebellum

31
Q

Describe the location of ileo-caecal valve

A

Between the small and large intestines

At McBurnies point, 1/3 up from the iliac crest to the belly button

32
Q

Describe the location of the optic chiasma

A

Where the two optic cranial nerves meet and partially decussate.
Immediately in front of the pituitary gland

33
Q

Describe the location of the Metopic Suture

A

Where the two frontal bones meet

34
Q

What is meant by Practitioners Fulcrum

A

A fulcrum is a pivotal point around which a system operates.
A practitioner will operate more effectively when working from a clear and balanced perspective in a calm quiet state whilst maintaining a balance between spaciousness and grounding.
No one is perfect! Be aware of your fulcrums and work on them

35
Q

Give the origins of both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply to the Lungs

A

Sympathetic – T2-6

Parasympathetic – Cr X

36
Q

Give the origins of both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply to the Duodenum

A

Sympathetic – T8-11

Parasympathetic – Cr X

37
Q

Give the origins of both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply to the Eyes

A

Sympathetic –T1-2

Parasympathetic – Cr III

38
Q

Give the origins of both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply to the Bladder

A

Sympathetic – L2

Parasympathetic – S 2-4

39
Q

Which Structures, apart from the spinal cord, pass through the Foramen Magnum

A

Ascending portion of the spinal accessory Nerve Cr XII, brain stem, spinal cord, vertebral arteries

40
Q

Which Structures pass through the Jugular Foramen

A

Located between the Occiput and the Temporals

  • Internal jugular vein
  • Glosso-pharyngeal nerve
  • Vagus nerve
  • Descending portion of the Spinal accessory nerve
41
Q

Describe the complete pathway of the Spinal Accessory nerve Cr XI

A

Arises from the cervical spine C1,2,3,4
passes up through the Foramen Magnum
Joins the cranial division
Passes out through the Jugular foramen (along with IX and X)
Provides motor supply to the Sterno-Cleido-Mastoid and Trapezius muscles

42
Q

Describe the origin and complete pathway of the sympathetic supply to the eye

A

Originates in the Upper Thoracic Spine - T1,2
Travels up through the neck
Synapses at the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
Enters cranium through the carotid canal as the carotid nerve and carotid plexus (together with the carotid artery)
Continues through the cavernous sinus
Sympathetic supply is then distributed throughout the cranium

43
Q

Why might you introduce stillness

A

To settle a system that is agitated or restless
To help the system to overcome a particularly persistence resistance
To help the system clear a multitude of superficial restrictions and imbalances
To enhance the power of a system that feels feeble
To address specific clinical conditions, such as inflammation or immune conditions
To invite the system to decide for itself what it wants to do with the stimulus
To help bring the treatment to a balanced and settled conclusion

44
Q

What is meant by allowing the system to express itself

A

As you engage with the system you will feel the different qualities, symmetry and motion of that particular system.
By allowing the system to express itself and simply observing without physical input or trying to change anything you give permission to the system to manifest whatever it wants and express itself.
As you allow it to be express the system may gradually settle

45
Q

What is meant by a Time Fulcrum

A

A time fulcrum can be certain events in our lives, happy event or difficult circumstances, which were fundamental in determining our direction and our very nature.
Spontaneous recollection Through Tissue Memory
Tracing Back Through Time - starting at their age counting back and feeling for changes in their system
Conscious Recall - With Equanimity - focusing on a certain event in your patients life

46
Q

Why might you treat the throat

A

Throat is a very common area to hold tension
Could be emotional
Local conditions - tonsillitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, ear infections
Thyroid Disorder
Birth trauma - umbilicus wrapped around next
Physical blockages and restrictions to the blood supply, nerve supply and fluid pathways

47
Q

How does the sacrum move in Flexion

A

S1 moves anteriorly

Apex moves posteriorly

48
Q

How would you approach a treatment of sinusitis

A

Treat the body as a whole
Look at diet - allergies, refund sugar, avoiding dairy
Lifestyle - smoking, polluted city
Low immunity - lots of inflammations and colds
- Promote immunity at the heart center
Reduce sympathetic nerve overstimulation
- Solar Plexus
Parasympathetic CrN VII Facial
Suboccipital Region - to encourage free drainage and arterial, venous, lymphatic flow
Free mobility of cranium as a whole
Free mobility of Inter-cranial membranes
Free mobility of the face including Maxillae, palatines, vomer, Zygoma, nasals, ethmoid and associates structures
Stress

49
Q

Why would a baby only feed from one breast?

A

Torticollis
Overstimulation of the spinal accessory nerve
Compression in the Occiput and Temporal

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