CST Flashcards
What does PECOT stand for
Participants, Exposure group, Comparison group, Outcome, Time
What does RAMBOMAN stand for
Recruitment, Allocation, Maintenance, Blind, Objective, Measurement, Analyse -> Not needed
What is Incidence
Measured over a period of time
What is prevalence
Measured at one point in time
How to calculate risk difference
EGO - CGO
How to calculate risk ratio
EGO / CGO
Does risk ratio have units
No
Does risk difference have units
Yes
What is relative risk called if the RR is less than 1
Relative Risk Reduction (RRR)
What is the relative risk called if RR is more than 1
Relative risk increase (RRI)
What does the Recruitment of RAMBOMAN look at
Does the study take a representative sample of the population, is it possible to define who the findings are applicable to?
What is the Allocation of RAMBOMAN looking at
Looking at allocation in EG & CG. Were they randomly allocated- were they similar at baseline
We’re they allocated by measurement- was this done accurately
What is the Maintenance of RAMBOMAN looking at
After allocated into groups, we’re these groups maintained, we’re they lost to follow up, we’re more lost from one group than the other etc.
What is the Blind and Objective Measurement of RAMBOMAN looking at
We’re the outcomes measured accurately, objective measurements are not influenced by personal interpretation.
What is a confidence interval
A standard measure of random error
Definition of 95% confidence interval
In 100 identical studies using samples from the same population 95/100 of the CI’s will include the true value for the population
Ways to reduce random error
Take multiple measurements, take a larger sample size
What do wide confidence intervals indicate
More uncertainty
What do narrow confidence intervals indicate
More certainty
How can we tell by looking at the confidence interval if something is statistically significant
If the the CI does not include 0, then it is statistically significant
How can we tell looking at a confidence interval if there is a difference
If the CI’s overlap, cannot be sure of difference, if not yes there is a difference
What are the causes of the causes
Any event, characteristic or definable entity that brings a change for better or worse- eg, income, education, societal characteristics, employment, housing and neighbourhoods, autonomy and empowerment
What are downstream interventions
Interventions that operate at the micro (proximal) level, including treatment systems and disease management
What are upstream interventions
Interventions at the macro (distal) level, like government policies and international trade policies