CSST Prep Flashcards
Heat Stroke
Symptoms: Dizziness, Nausea, Headache, Hot dry skin, Confusion, Collapse, Delirium, Coma, Death
Treatment: Remove from hot area, remove clothing, lie down, col the body, do not give stimulants, seek medical help
Causes: High temperature, high humidity, low air movement, dehydration, not enough breaks
Heat Exhaustion
Symptoms: Fatigue, weakness, profuse sweating, normal temperature, pale clammy skin, headache, cramps, vomiting, fainting
Treatment: Remove from hot area, lie down and raise feet, apply cool wet cloths, loosen/remove clothing, small sips of water.
Causes: High temperature, dehydration, high humidity, low air movement.
Ladder Safety
1:4 lean ratio (1’ out for every 4’of elevation)
Extend at least 3’ from the top.
Glove Bag Removal
- Class 3 work
- mini containment for removing pipe insulation
- 60’‘x60”
- not used on pipes that are hotter than 150 degrees
The Decon Unit
Equipment (dirty) room, Shower Room, Clean Room
-Separate waste load out area should be established.
Engineering Controls
- OSHA*
- Employed to reduce airborne asbestos concentration to the lowest feasible amount.
- Wet Methods
- Local exhaust ventilation
Required Procedures for Asbestos Removal
- Containment+Decon
- Negative pressure ventilation
- Proper cleanup + air clearance
Power Tool Requirements
- 3 wire cord plugged into a grounded receptacle
- Or be Double insulated
- Or be powered by low voltage isolation transformer
Handrail Safety
- Must be able to withstand 200 LBS force
- Stairs with 4 or more risers or higher than 30” must have at least 1 handrail
NESHAP Thresholds
160 Square Feet
260 Linear Feet
35 cubic Feet
- If Renovation below threshold, No regulation
- If Demolition below threshold, Demolition notification only
OSHA Warning Label
DANGER
CONTAINS ASBESTOS FIBERS
AVOID CREATING DUST
CANCER AND LUNG DISEASE HAZARD
OSHA Warning Sign
DANGER
ASBESTOS
CANCER AND LUNG DISEASE HAZARD
AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY
- When respirators & PPE required
RESPIRATORS AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
ARE REQUIRED IN THIS AREA
The Building Owner’s Responsibility
Responsible for:
- Failing to notify EPA/OSHA prior to asbestos work
- Improper waste disposal of asbestos removed from the owner’s building
Categories of Asbestos
Serpentine: Chrysotile A.K.A white asbestos, comprises > 90% of all asbestos used in commercial products in the United States
- Main elements, silicon + magnesium, hollow tube
Amphiboles: Actinolite, Amosite, Anthrophyllite, Crocidolite, Tremolite
- Amosite = Brown
- Crocidolite = Blue
- More water resistant, Solid, Straight
Air Purifying Respirator (APR)
- User inhales + pulls contaminated air through cartridge before it is inhaled
- Powered APR (PAPR) = Blower to force air through cartridges. Positive
- Negative APR: What we use
Class 2 Work + Requirements
- Removal of Misc.
- Supervised by competent person
- When no NEA: Critical Barriers, Employees trained in specific work practices
Class 3 Work + Requirements
- Repair + maintenance where TSI/SM is likely to be disturbed
- Use local exhaust when feasible
- Mini enclosure/Glove bag when cutting, drilling, sanding, etc.
- If exposure is above PEL/EL or no NEA
- NPE
- Contain using drop cloth/plastic barrier
- use respirator if disturbing TSI/SM, if PEL/EL is exceeded or no NEA
Class 1 Work + Requirements
- Removal of TSI+SM/ PACM
- Isolate HVAC
- Impermeable drop cloths
- Ventilate away from employees
- Critical barriers if >25 Linear feet/10 square feet of TSI/SM, No NEA, People next to Class 1 work
- Must use: NPE, glove bag, water spray, walk in enclosure
According to OSHA bulk sampling is…
Class 3 work
Class 1 work
OSHA
- Removal of TSI and SM/PACM
Class 2 work
OSHA
- Removal of ACM which is not TSI/SM
- –> Floor tiles, roofing products, mastics etc. I.E Miscellaneous
Class 3 work
OSHA
- Repair and maintenance operations where ACM is likely to be disturbed
Class 4 work
OSHA - Maintenace + custodial work during which employees contact ACM/PACM but do not disturb it, AND activities to clean up waste + debris generated by class 1, 2 and 3 work.
When are Respirators Required?
- All class 1 work
- Class 2 work where ACM not removed substantially intact
- Class 2 + 3 work done without wet methods
- Class 2 + 3 work with no NEA
- All class 3 work when TSI/SM ACM/PACM is disturbed
- Class 4 work in a regulated area where other workers are wearing respirators- any work where employee is exposed to above the PEL/EL.
Steps for taking down containment after abatement…. Final clean up
- Encapsulate inner layer of poly
- Clean equipment, exposed layer of poly, + remove gross contamination
- Remove exposed poly after being cleaned + encapsulated
- Encapsulate the substrate
- Remove remaining poly
- Inspect any residual debris
- Wet Clean wall + Floors
- Visual Inspection
- Final Clearance
- Clean + Deconstruct Decon
Under NESHAP, non-friable ACM is divided into 2 categories
Category 1: Vinyl tiles, asphalt roofing, packings, gaskets… Rarely become friable
Category 2: All other non-friables, I.E cement sidings, transite products
How much waste can be stored at facility/job site?
20 cubic yards
Regulated Asbestos Containing Material (RACM)
1: Friable ACM
2. Category 1 that has become friable
3. Category 1 that will be subject to sanding, grinding, cutting, etc.
4. Category 2 that has a high probability of becoming or has become crumbled, pulverized or reduced to powder via demo/renovation forces
Employee Air Monitoring
- Initial monitoring must be done on 25% of the employees
- Periodic monitoring: Daily air monitoring on 25% of the workforce + must be done when type of ACM or location being removed changes. Can be terminated when levels are below the PEL’S
- Required for all class 1 and 2 work unless there is a NEA or Employees are wearing Supplied Air Respirators in pressure demand Mode.
- Class 1 work done using a different control method, periodic monitoring must be done regardless of respirator.
Category 1 Non-Friable
NESHAP
- Asbestos containing packings, gaskets, resilient floor covering, asphalt roofing products
- Has been interpreted to include asbestos containing sealants + mastics because they exhibit some of the same properties
Category 2 Non-Friable
- NESHAP*
- Any material excluding Category 1 that when dry Can Not be crumbled, pulverized or reduced to powder via hand pressure…. Asbestos cement products.
Bid Estimates
- Used by contractors to obtain work
- Based on detailed labor + material take offs
- Estimate will have contingency factor built into COP line item
Asbestosis
- Scarring of the lungs
- First disease linked to asbestos exposure
- 10-30 year latency period
- Chest X-Rays will show pleural plaques, pleural thickening + interstitial fibrosis
Mesothelioma
- Very rare form of malignant cancer involving membrane-like lining of one or more body cavities
- –> Lung: Meso. of Pleura
- –> Abdominal: Meso. of peritoneum
- –> Heart Cavity: Pericardial Meso.
- 30-40 year latency period
- NO clear dose response relationship
- Cigarette smoking does not affect mesothelioma
Protection Factor
- Index of the degree of protection afforded by a particular category of respirator
- a PF of 10 means concentration of contaminant inside the respirator will not exceed 1/10th the concentration outside of the respirator
Lung Canger
- Most common of the serious health effects
- Dose response relationship
- 20-40 year latency period
- –> Workers who smoke cigs + are exposed to asbestos fibers are 50x more likely to develop lung cancer
How long do asbestos fibers remain airborne?
Several Hours
- Study with Dual LPC showed settling rate can range from 3 seconds to permanently suspended
Negative Pressure Enclosure Requirements
- 4 air changes per hour
- 0.02 column inches of water pressure differential as evident by manometric measurements
- Static pressure
- Max pressure differential: 3.5-5”
What does NESHAP apply to?
- The application, removal, disposal of ACM
- Manufacturing, spraying and fabricating of ACM
Bonds
Payment Bonds: Surety company agrees to pay for labor + materials in the event the contractor fails to do so
Performance Bonds: Surety company agrees to complete performance of project if contractor fails to do so
—> Project designer may be called to provide guidance on type + Money needed
Response Actions
- Options for controlling exposure to ACM
1. Operations + maintenance
2. Removal
3. Repair
4. Encapsulation
5. Enclosure
Time period that asbestos was most commonly used
1950’s-1970’s
Area of a Cylinder
A= 2xPixRxH + 2xPixRadius squared
R= radius (1/2 diameter) H= height/Length
Under NESHAP when is removal not required?
- Category 1 not in poor condition + non-friable
- If it is encased in concrete + adequately wet when exposed
- If it was not accessible for testing thus not discovered until after demo began
- Category 2 with low probability that the material will become crumbled, pulverized or reduced to powder during the demolition (if demo is not done via wrecking ball, bulldozer, backhoe, implosion or other heavy machinery)
Requirements when remove >260 linear Feet, 160 square feet or 35 Cubic Feet
- NESHAP*
- Remove all RACM
- EPA has determined that a demolition operation will extensively damage category 2, so category 2 ACM must be removed prior to demolition.
- Friable ACM must be removed via wet methods
- Dry removal O.K with special circumstances
- No visible emissions
8 Hour TWA Calculation
TWA = (C1xT1) + (C2xT2) …. Divided by 480min
When must a building inspector wear a respirator?
When Sampling TSI/SM A.K.A friable materials
Under AHERA, what assessment data must be compiled?
- All friable ACBM, TSI and friable assumed ACBM must be located and categorized: condition, potential for damage, and type of material
- Non-friable ACBM must be identified and documented but not assessed
Typical Respirator use during response actions
- Air supplied respirators should be used until personal air sampling shows exposure has decreased via proper control methods unless historical data shows exposure is low + allows for a less protective respirator
- —-> NEA
Asbestos Ban + Phase Out Rule
- Initially a 7-year phase out beginning in 1990 and would have banned 95% of asbestos products in the United States
- Final Rule: Court allowed EPA to ban new uses of certain ACM;
- Corrugated paper
- Rollboard
- Commercial paper
- Specialty paper
- Flooring felt
- New uses of asbestos
On July 12, 1989, the EPA issued a final rule under Section 6 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) banning most asbestos-containing products in the United States. In 1991, the rule was vacated and remanded by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. As a result, most of the original ban on the manufacture, importation, processing, or distribution in commerce for most of the asbestos-containing product categories originally covered in the 1989 final rule was overturned. Only the bans on corrugated paper, rollboard, commercial paper, specialty paper, and flooring felt and any new uses of asbestos remained banned under the 1989 rule. Although most asbestos containing products can still legally be manufactured, imported, processed and distributed in the U.S., according to the U.S. Geological Survey, the production and use of asbestos has declined significantly.
Bridging Encapsulants
- Water based compounds that are spray applied on the surface of ACM + designed to put coating over ACM
ACWM
NESHAP Asbestos containing waste materials
- Any waste that contains commercial asbestos and is generated by renovation or demolition activities
- –> Regulated waste
- At waste disposal site, ACWM must be covered with at least 6 inches of non-asbestos material I.E soil, rock
When is an operation + maintenance program required?
- Any school where ACBM is present
- –> non-friable ACBM is regulated under O+M when it is about to be made friable due to maintenance work
- to maintain friable ACM in good condition
Supplied Air Respirator
- Provides Breathing air from outside the work area
1. Demand: provides air when user inhales (negative)
2. Continuous flow: Constant flow of air @ 4-6 CFM
3. Pressure Demand: constant positive pressure
4. SCBA: tank carried by user… 30 min-1hour of breathing air
—> Must use grade D Air:
-19.5-23.5% Oxygen (O2)
- < 5 MG hydrocarbon
< 10 PPM CO (Carbon Monoxide)
- < 1000 PPM CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)
- Lack of noticeable Odor
NESHAP Notification Requirements
- Filed 10 working days prior to any renovation or demolition
- update notice as necessary, including, Start/completion dates, amount of asbestos changes by 20%
Who is covered by a medical surveillance program?
- Employees who are engaged in class 1, 2 or 3 work 30 0r more days per year
- Employees exposed to or above the PEL/EL for 30 or more days per year
- All employees required to wear negative pressure respirator
MUC
Maximum Use Concentration
- Maximum concentration of atmospheric pollutants that an employee will be protected from when wearing specific respirator
MUC= Protection factor x PEL or MUC= Protection factor x Level of protection desired
Cal OSHA Construction - Chest X-Rays
- Adds frequency of chest x-rays not included in the federal standard
0-10 years worked | 10+ years worked
Under 40 years old: every 3 years | Annually
Over 40 years old: Annually | Annually
NESHAP: Standard for Demolition/Renovation
- If > 260 linear feet, 160 square feet or 35-cubic feet:
- –> submit Notification
- –> remove RACM before renovation/demolition
- –> adequately wet
- If < 260 linear feet, 160 square feet or 35-cubic feet:
- –> Only notification requirements
- Intentional burning: Remove all RACM
- Large facility components, no need to remove RACM
ASHARA
- Section 206 of TSCA mandated that the EPA develop MAP, which was promulgated in 1987 and later amended by ASHARA, which extended requirements to public + commercial buildings and increased training
- Accreditation requirement: 11/281992
- Final rule took effect: 04/04/1994
Do Category 1 non-friables need to be removed prior to demolition/renovation activities?
- Not usually because they do not release significant amounts of asbestos
- However: if they have become friable or are in poor condition, they must be removed
Or if the material is sanded, ground, abraded, drilled, cut or chipped they have to be treated as friable
When is protective clothing required?
- When exposure is above the PEL
OR - No NEA
- Class 1 work > 25 linear Feet/ 10 square feet
Accidental disturbance of ACM possible
Surfacing Material: approval of work, work done after normal working hours or access controlled, turn off HVAC, drop cloth or mini enclosure, PPE, amended water
Steps to be taken by an employer if employees are exposed at or above PEL/EL
- Establish respiratory protection program
- Daily personal air sampling (if supplied air respirator + pressure mode is used, personal sampling is not required)
- Establish a regulated are where concentrations exceed PEL
- Limited access to regulated area
- NPE established around regulated area
AHERA Clearance
TEM: 5 in work area, 5 outside work area, 3 blanks
- 5 IWA are analyzed, if < 70 structures per millimeter squared = PASS
- If > 70 structures per millimeter squared, compared to 5 OWA via Z test + field blanks are analyzed for contamination
- 10 LPM, Minimum 1200 Liters
PCM: Can be used when less than or equal to 160 square feet, 260 linear feet ACM is removed. 5 IWA or 1 per room, whichever is greater.
AHERA Air Clearance
- Aggressive air sampling
- analysis via TEM
- –> 5 IWA/OWA not statistically different via Z test
- –> < 70 structures per millimeter squared
- –> 25 mm cassette, 1199 Liters or more/ 37 mm cassette equal to or greater than 2799 Liters
- Minimum 13 samples, 5 IWA, 5 OWA, 3 Field blanks for TEM clearance
- 10 LPM
- PCM permitted if equal or less than 160 square feet/260 linear feet
- 5 in containment (or 1 per room) 5 at containment, 3 field blanks
- Required after any response action
Fiber Release Episode
Minor: less than or equal to 3 square feet/ Linear feet of friable ACBM
—> Saturate debris, clean area, bag waste, implement response action
Major: Greater than 3 square feet/ Linear feet of friable ACBM
—> Restrict access + post signs to prevent entry, shut off/modify HVAC to prevent fiber distribution
NESHAP/EPA Bans
- 1973 spray applied insulating materials
- 1976 pre-molded insulation if friable
- 1978 Spray applied decorative material
AHERA Warning Labels
- Must be posted adjacent to any ACBM located in routine Maintenace areas
CAUTION
ASBESTOS. HAZARDOUS
DO NOT DISTURB WITHOUT
PROPER TRAINING AND EQUIPMENT
AHERA Training
- Maintenance + custodial staff who work in building that contain asbestos receive 2-hour awareness training
- Maintenance + custodial staff who may disturb asbestos: Receive additional 14 hours of training, 16 hours total… 2 days
Protection Factor
- Level of respiratory protection a respirator/ class of respirators are expected to provide
PF= Concentration outside
__________________
Concentration Inside
1/2 face respirator: 10
Full face respirator: 50
PAPR: 1000
Important AHERA Dates
- October 12, 1988, Inspect for ACBM, Submit management plan
- July 9, 1989, Implementation of management plan
- October 1986, AHERA signed into Law
- December 14, 1987, AHERA regulation became effective
NESHAP: Standard for manufacturing
- No visible emissions
- Monitor potential sources of emissions 1 day for 15 secs
- Inspect air cleaning devices weekly
- Retain records for 2 years
- Semiannual reports to administrator
NPE: Air changes per hour + number of units needed
15min = 60 min/ # air changes/hour
Step 1: CF/Min= Volume of work area (cubic feet)
_________________________
15 Minutes
Step 2:
# of units= CF/Min
______________
Capacity of Unit
- Safety Factor… X units by % = of extra units needed
Steps for building a contained work area
- Post Danger signs
- Test stationary equipment
- Isolate HVAC system
- Critical barriers - 2x 6mil Poly
- Initial cleaning of work area
- Remove nonstationary items
- Cover + seal stationary objects
- De-energize electrical systems
- Cover walls + floor
- Establish decon
Functions of the building inspector
- Determine whether ACBM is present
- Assess physical characteristics of ACBM
- Determine potential for disturbance
Function of Contractor/Supervisor
To supervise abatement work
- Competent person for Class 1 & 2 work
Components of a Medical Exam
- Work/Medical history, Questionnaire
- General physical exam
- Pulmonary function test
- chest Xray
Required when:
- Employee engages in Class 1,2 and 3 work for more than 30 days a year
- Exposed above the PEL/EL
- Whenever employee wears a negative pressure respirator
AHERA
40 CFR 763 Subpart E
Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act
- Requires Public + Private primary/secondary schools to identify friable and non-friable ACM
- Inspect school + submit management plan, 10/12/1988
- Management plan implemented 07/09/1989
OSHA Hazard Communication Standard
29 CFR 1926.59
- To ensure that hazards of chemicals or materials used in the workplace are identified and information on protective measures is passed on to employees
Containment: Covering walls + Floors with Poly
- 2 Layers of 6mil poly on the floor
- Rec: 4mil Poly on walls because it is easier to hang and keep in place
- Floor Poly should extend 18 to 24 inches up the wall
- Wall Poly is attached 5-6 inches below ceiling to the base of the wall
Decon Water Filtration
- Series of several filters with progressively smaller pore sizes… 100,50,5 micron to avoid rapid initial clogging
Scaffold Safety
- Height shall not exceed 4 times the minimum base dimension
- When workers ride mobile scaffolding base dimension should be at least HALF the height
- Guard rails must be used at heights of 4-10 Feet + less than 45 inches wide. If taller than 10 feet, must have guard rail
NESHAP
National Emissions Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants
40 CFR 61 Subpart M
- Requires notification 10 working days prior to any demolition/renovation when asbestos amounts are greater than 160 square feet, 260 Linear feet or 35 cubic feet
HEPA
High Efficiency Particulate air
- 99.97% of particles 0.3 microns in diameter or larger
Cal OSHA - Construction
- Asphalt roof coatings, cements and mastics are not exempt, they are exempt for Federal OSHA
- Puts limit on glove bag work: 60x60 Inches
- ACCM greater than 0.1% by weight
Methods of Compliance
OSHA
For all jobs, HEPA vacs, wet methods, plus prompt clean up must be used to reduce employee exposure to below PEL/EL
—> Even when exposure is Below PEL/EL these methods of compliance must be used
Regulated Area
- Where Class 1,2 or 3 work is being done
- Where airborne asbestos concentrations exceed PEL/EL
Requirements: Demarcated, respirators, competent person must supervise work, warning signs
How long are medical records kept?
30 years, after last day of employment
How long must employee training records be kept?
1 year
When was asbestos introduced commercially?
1850’s…. 1858
General Properties of asbestos?
- Aspect Ratio 3:1 length to width
- 5 Micrometers Long
High thermal stability.
Electrical resistance.
Non-flammable.
Has no detectable smell or taste.
They are all solids that do not move through soil and are insoluble in water.
Its color will vary according to type, and metallic composition.
Flexible so that it can be spun and woven like cotton.
Chrysotile, predominant characteristics
Serpentine white curvy hollow 95% use of asbestos
Crocidolite
Amphibole
Blue asbestos
used in TSI
Amosite
Amphibole
- 2nd most used asbestos
- Brown
How long does the LEA keep records of asbestos removal?
3 years
What do the letters on the respirator mean?
N= No oil is present
R= Oil is present, but only for a single use shift.
P= Oil is present, but follow the manufactures time of use limitations if you want to reuse
What does the number on the mask mean?
Rating or protection that the mask provides
- N95= 95%
- P100= 99.97%
Who Certifies labs?
National Institute of Standards and Technology
N.I.S.T—–> NVLAP
What color is a P100 Filter?
Magenta
What color is the label around a respirator filter/canister?
Black
Who certifies respirators?
NIOSH
Area of a pipe
2 x Pi x Radius x Height (length)
2 x 3.14 x Radius x Height (length)
What is the maximum heat for a glove bag?
150 Degrees
Water from a Decon shower that has been HEPA filtered gets dispose of at a
Sanitary Sewer
NOT STORM DRAIN
Grade D Air
Oxygen content of 19.5-23.5 percent
Hydrocarbon (condensed) content of 5 milligrams per cubic meter of air or less
Carbon monoxide content of 10 parts per million (ppm) or less
Carbon dioxide content of 1,000 ppm or less
Lack of noticeable odor
Dew point not to exceed -50 F. i
At what height is fall protection required?
4 feet - General
6 feet - Construction
What type of insurance do asbestos contractors need to have?
REQUIRED
Pollution Liability
