CSS Deck 1

Question 1

What is CSS?

Answer 1

Cascading Style Sheets fondly referred to as CSS, is a simply designed language intended to simplify the process of making web pages presentable. CSS allows you to apply styles to web pages. More importantly, CSS enables you to do this independent of the HTML that makes up each web page.
CSS is easy to learn and understood, but it provides powerful control over the presentation of an HTML document.

Question 2

Why do we use CSS?

Answer 2

We use CSS because of the following reasons:

CSS saves time: You can write CSS once and reuse the same sheet on multiple HTML pages.
Easy Maintenance: To make a global change simply change the style, and all elements in all the webpages will be updated automatically.
Search Engines: CSS is considered a clean coding technique, which means search engines won’t have to struggle to “read” its content.
Superior styles to HTML: CSS has a much wider array of attributes than HTML, so you can give a far better look to your HTML page in comparison to HTML attributes.
Offline Browsing: CSS can store web applications locally with the help of an offline cache. Using of this we can view offline websites.

Question 3

What are the advantages of CSS?

Answer 3

CSS plays an important role, by using CSS you simply got to specify a repeated style for an element once & use it multiple times because CSS will automatically apply the required styles.
The main advantage of CSS is that style is applied consistently across a variety of sites. One instruction can control several areas which are advantageous.
Web designers need to use a few lines of programming for every page improving site speed.
Cascading sheet not only simplifies website development but also simplifies maintenance as a change of one line of code affects the whole website and maintenance time.
It is less complex therefore the effort is significantly reduced.
It helps to form spontaneous and consistent changes.
CSS changes are device friendly. With people employing a batch of various range of smart devices to access websites over the web, there’s a requirement for responsive web design.
It has the power for re-positioning. It helps us to determine the changes within the position of web elements that are there on the page.
These bandwidth savings are substantial figures of insignificant tags that are indistinct from a mess of pages.
Easy for the user to customize the online page
It reduces the file transfer size.

Question 4

What are the disadvantages of CSS?

Answer 4

With CSS, what works with one browser might not always work with another. The web developers need to test for compatibility, running the program across multiple browsers.

Question 5

What is the current version of CSS?

Answer 5

CSS3 is the latest version of CSS.

Question 6

What is the syntax for CSS?

Answer 6

A CSS style rule consists of a selector, property, and its value. The selector points to the HTML element where CSS style is to be applied. The CSS property is separated by semicolons.

Syntax:

selector {
Property: value;
}

Question 7

In how many ways can we add CSS to our HTML file?

Answer 7

Cascading Style Sheet(CSS) is used to set the style in web pages that contain HTML elements. It sets the background color, font size, font family, color, … etc properties of elements on a web page.
There are three types of CSS which are given below:

Inline CSS: Inline CSS contains the CSS property in the body section attached with the element known as inline CSS. This kind of style is specified within an HTML tag using the style attribute.

Internal or Embedded CSS: This can be used when a single HTML document must be styled uniquely. The CSS ruleset should be within the HTML file in the head section i.e the CSS is embedded within the HTML file.
External CSS: External CSS contains a separate CSS file which contains only style property with the help of tag attributes (For example class, id, heading, … etc). CSS property is written in a separate file with .css extension and should be linked to the HTML document using the link tag. This means that for each element, style can be set only once and that will be applied across web pages.

Question 8

Which type of CSS holds the highest priority?

Answer 8

Inline CSS has the highest priority, then comes Internal/Embedded followed by External CSS which has the least priority. Multiple style sheets can be defined on one page. If for an HTML tag, styles are defined in multiple style sheets then the below order will be followed.
As Inline has the highest priority, any styles that are defined in the internal and external style sheets are overridden by Inline styles.
Internal or Embedded stands second in the priority list and overrides the styles in the external style sheet.

External style sheets have the least priority. If there are no styles defined either in the inline or internal style sheet then external style sheet rules are applied for the HTML tags.

Question 9

What are CSS Selectors?

Answer 9

id_name {

CSS Selectors: CSS Selectors are used to selecting HTML elements based on their element name, id, attributes, etc. It can select one or more elements simultaneously.

element selector: The element selector in CSS is used to select HTML elements which are required to be styled. In a selector declaration, there is the name of the HTML element, and the CSS properties which are to be applied to that element is written inside the brackets {}.

Syntax:
element_name {
// CSS Property
}
id selector: The #id selector is used to set the style of the given id. The id attribute is the unique identifier in an HTML document. The id selector is used with a # character.

Syntax:

// CSS Property } class selector: The .class selector is used to select all elements which belong to a particular class attribute. To select the elements with a particular class, use the (.) character with specifying the class name. The class name is mostly used to set the CSS property to the given class.

Syntax:

.class_name {
// CSS Property
}

Question 10

How can we add comments in CSS?

Answer 10

Comments are the statements in your code that are ignored by the compiler and are not executed. Comments are used to explain the code. They make the program more readable and understandable.

Syntax:

/* content */

Question 11

What does the ‘a’ in rgba mean?

Answer 11

RGBA contains A (Alpha) which specifies the transparency of elements. The value of alpha lies between 0.0 to 1.0 where 0.0. represents fully transparent and 1.0 represents not transparent.
Syntax:

h1 {
color:rgba(R, G, B, A);
}

Question 12

What are CSS HSL Colors?

Answer 12

HSL: HSL stands for Hue, Saturation, and Lightness respectively. This format uses the cylindrical coordinate system.

Hue: Hue is the degree of the color wheel. Its value lies between 0 to 360 where 0 represents red, 120 represents green and 240 represents a blue color.
Saturation: It takes a percentage value, where 100% represents completely saturated, while 0% represents completely unsaturated (gray).
Lightness: It takes a percentage value, where 100% represents white, while 0% represents black.

h1 {
color:hsl(H, S, L);
}

Question 13

What are CSS backgrounds, list the properties?

Answer 13

The CSS background properties are used to define the background effects for elements.

CSS background properties are as follows:

background-color: This property specifies the background color of an element.
background-image: This property specifies an image to use as the background of an element. By default, the image is repeated so it covers the entire element.
background-repeat: By default, the background image property repeats the image both horizontally and vertically.
background-attachment: This property is used to fix the background ground image. The image will not scroll with the page.
background-position: This property is used to set the image to a particular position.

Question 14

What are the different CSS border properties?

Answer 14

CSS border properties allow us to set the style, color, and width of the border.

Border Style: The border-style property specifies the type of border. None of the other border properties will work without setting the border style.
Border Width: Border width sets the width of the border. The width of the border can be in px, pt, cm or thin, medium and thick.
Border Color: This property is used to set the color of the border. Color can be set using the color name, hex value, or RGB value. If the color is not specified border inherits the color of the element itself.

Question 15

What is a CSS margin?

Answer 15

CSS margins are used to create space around the element. We can set the different sizes of margins for individual sides (top, right, bottom, left).

Question 16

What is the difference between margin and padding?

Answer 16

Margin is used to create space around elements and padding is used to create space around elements inside the border.
We can set the margin property to auto but we cannot set the padding property to auto.
In Margin property we can allow negative or float number but in padding we cannot allow negative values.
Margin and padding target all the 4 sides of the element. Margin and padding will work without the border property also. The difference will be more clear with the following example.

Question 17

What is the CSS Box Model?

Answer 17

The CSS box model is a container that contains multiple properties including borders, margin, padding, and the content itself. It is used to create the design and layout of web pages. It can be used as a toolkit for customizing the layout of different elements. The web browser renders every element as a rectangular box according to the CSS box model.
Box-Model has multiple properties in CSS. Some of them are given below:

borders
margins
padding
Content

Border Area: It is the area between the box’s padding and margin. Its dimensions are given by the width and height of the border.
Margin Area: This area consists of space between border and margin. The dimensions of the Margin area are the margin-box width and the margin-box height. It is useful to separate the element from its neighbors.
Padding Area: It includes the element’s padding. This area is actually the space around the content area and within the border box. Its dimensions are given by the width of the padding-box and the height of the padding-box.
Content Area: This area consists of content like text, images, or other media content. It is bounded by the content edge and its dimensions are given by content box width and height

Question 18

What is the difference between CSS border and outline?

Answer 18

CSS border properties allow us to set the style, color, and width of the border.
CSS outline property allows us to draw a line around the element, outside the border.

Unlike borders, outlines don’t allow us to set each edge to a different width, or set different colors and styles for each edge. An outline is the same on all sides.
Outlines cannot be circular.
Outlines do not take up space, because they are always placed on top of the box of the element.

Question 19

What are the different CSS link state?

Answer 19

A link is a connection from one web page to another web page. CSS property can be used to style the links in various different ways.

States of Link: Before discussing CSS properties, it is important to know the states of a link. Links can exist in different states and they can be styled using pseudo-classes.
There are four states of links given below:

a:link: This is a normal, unvisited link.
a:visited: This is a link visited by a user at least once
a:hover: This is a link when the mouse hovers over it
a:active: This is a link that is just clicked.

Question 20

Can we add an image as a list item marker?

Answer 20

To add an image as the list-item marker in a list, we use the list-style-image property in CSS.

Syntax:

list-style-image: none | url | initial | inherit;

Question 21

How can we hide an element is CSS?

Answer 21

The style display property is used to hide and show the content of HTML DOM by accessing the DOM element using JavaScript/jQuery.

To hide an element, set the style display property to “none”.

display: “none”;
To show an element, set the style display property to “block”.

display:”block”;

The visibility property is used to hide or show the content of HTML elements. The visibility property specifies that the element is currently visible on the page. The ‘hidden’ value can be used to hide the element. This hides the element but does not remove the space taken by the element, unlike the display property.

Syntax:

visibility : ‘hidden’;
visibility :’visible’;

Question 22

What is the difference between display:none and visibility:hidden?

Answer 22

Both of the property is quite useful in CSS. The visibility: “hidden”; property is used to specify whether an element is visible or not in a web document but the hidden elements take up space in the web document. The visibility is a property in CSS that specifies the visibility behavior of an element and display: “none” property is used to specify whether an element is exist or not on the website.

Syntax:
visibility: visible| hidden | collapse | initial | inherit;

display: none | inline | block | inline-block;

So, the difference between display: “none”; and visibility: “hidden”;, right from the name itself we can tell the difference as display: “none”, completely gets rids of the tag, as it had never existed in the HTML page whereas visibility: “hidden”;, just makes the tag invisible it will still be on the HTML page occupying space it’s just invisible.

Question 23

Can we overlap elements in CSS?

Answer 23

Creating an overlay effect simply means putting two div together at the same place but both the div appear when needed i.e while hovering or while clicking on one of the div to make the second one appear. Overlays are very clean and give the webpage a tidy look. It looks sophisticated and is simple to design. Overlays can create using two simple CSS properties:

The z-index property is used to displace elements on the z-axis i.e in or out of the screen. It is used to define the order of elements if they overlap with each other.

Syntax:

z-index: auto|number|initial|inherit;
The position property in CSS tells about the method of positioning for an element or an HTML entity.

Question 24

What are the various positioning properties in CSS?

Answer 24

The position property in CSS tells about the method of positioning for an element or an HTML entity. There are five different types of position properties available in CSS:

Fixed
Static
Relative
Absolute
Sticky

The positioning of an element can be done using the top, right, bottom, and left properties. These specify the distance of an HTML element from the edge of the viewport. To set the position by these four properties, we have to declare the positioning method.

Let’s talk about each of these position methods in detail:

1. Fixed: Any HTML element with position: fixed property will be positioned relative to the viewport. An element with fixed positioning allows it to remain at the same position even as we scroll the page. We can set the position of the element using the top, right, bottom, and left.

Static: This method of positioning is set by default. If we don’t mention the method of positioning for any element, the element has the position: static method by default. By defining Static, the top, right, bottom and left will not have any control over the element. The element will be positioned with the normal flow of the page.

3. Relative: An element with position: relative is positioned relatively with the other elements which are sitting at top of it. If we set its top, right, bottom, or left, other elements will not fill up the gap left by this element.

Absolute: An element with position: absolute will be positioned with respect to its parent. The positioning of this element does not depend upon its siblings or the elements which are at the same level.

5. Sticky: Element with position: sticky and top: 0 played a role between fixed & relative based on the position where it is placed. If the element is placed in the middle of the document then when the user scrolls the document, the sticky element starts scrolling until it touches the top. When it touches the top, it will be fixed at that place in spite of further scrolling. We can stick the element at the bottom, with the bottom property.

Question 25

What is CSS overflow?

Answer 25

The CSS overflow controls the big content. It tells whether to clip content or to add scroll bars. The overflow contains the following property:

visible
hidden
scroll
auto

Visible: The content is not clipped and is visible outside the element box.

2. Hidden: The overflow is clipped and the rest of the content is invisible.
3. Scroll: The overflow is clipped but a scrollbar is added to see the rest of the content. The scrollbar can be horizontal or vertical.
4. Auto: It automatically adds a scrollbar whenever it is required.

Overflow-x and Overflow-y: This property specifies how to change the overflow of elements. x deals with horizontal edges and y deals with vertical edges.

Question 26

What does the CSS float property do?

Answer 26

Float is a CSS property written in a CSS file or directly in the style of an element. The float property defines the flow of content. Below are the types of floating properties:

Float type Usage
float: left Element floats on the left side of the container
float: right Element floats on the right side of the container
float: inherit The element inherits the floating property of its parent (div, table, etc…)
float: none Element is displayed as it is (Default).

Question 27

What does display:inline-block do?

Answer 27

Inline-block: This feature uses both properties: block and inline. So, this property aligns the div inline but the difference is it can edit the height and the width of the block. Basically, this will align the div both in the block and inline fashion.

Question 28

How can we vertically center a text in CSS?

Question 29

What are CSS Combinators?

Answer 29

CSS combinators are explaining the relationship between two selectors. CSS selectors are the patterns used to select the elements for style purposes. A CSS selector can be a simple selector or a complex selector consisting of more than one selector connected using combinators.
There are four types of combinators available in CSS which are discussed below:

General Sibling selector (~)
Adjacent Sibling selector (+)
Child selector (>)
Descendant selector (space)

General Sibling selector: The general sibling selector is used to select the element that follows the first selector element and also shares the same parent as the first selector element. This can be used to select a group of elements that share the same parent element.

Adjacent Sibling selector: The Adjacent sibling selector is used to select the element that is adjacent or the element that is next to the specified selector tag. This combinator selects only one tag that is just next to the specified tag.

Child Selector: This selector is used to select the element that is the immediate child of the specified tag. This combinator is stricter than the descendant selector because it selects only the second selector if it has the first selector element as its parent.

Descendant selector: This selector is used to select all the child elements of the specified tag. The tags can be the direct child of the specified tag or can be very deep in the specified tag. This combinator combines the two selectors such that selected elements have an ancestor same as the first selector element.

Question 30

What are pseudo-classes in CSS?

Answer 30

A Pseudo class in CSS is used to define the special state of an element. It can be combined with a CSS selector to add an effect to existing elements based on their states. For Example, changing the style of an element when the user hovers over it, or when a link is visited. All of these can be done using Pseudo Classes in CSS.

Note that pseudo-class names are not case-sensitive.

Syntax:

selector: pseudo-class{
property: value;
}
There are many Pseudo-classes in CSS but the ones which are most commonly used are as follows:
:hover Pseudo-class: This pseudo-class is used to add a special effect to an element when our mouse pointer is over it. The below example demonstrates that when your mouse enters the box area, its background color changes from yellow to orange.
:active Pseudo-class: This pseudo-class is used to select an element that is activated when the user clicks on it. The following example demonstrates that when you click on the box, its background color changes for a moment.
:focus Pseudo-class: This pseudo-class is used to select an element that is currently focused by the user. It works on user input elements used in forms and is triggered as soon as the user clicks on it. In the following example, the background color of the input field which is currently focused changes.
:visited Pseudo-class: This pseudo-class is used to select the links which have been already visited by the user. In the following example, the color of the link changes once it is visited.

Question 31

What are pseudo-elements in CSS?

Answer 31

Pseudo Elements: Pseudo-element in CSS is used to add style to specified parts of an element. Example: Using style before or after an element.

Syntax:

selector::pseudo-element {
property:value;
}

Use of Pseudo-Element: Below is some examples to describe the use of pseudo-element.

::before Pseudo-element: It is used to add some CSS property before an element when that element is called.
::after Pseudo-element: It is used to add some CSS property after an element when that element is called.
::first-letter Pseudo-element: It is used to make changes to the first letter of an element.
::first-line Pseudo-element: It is used to make changes to the first line of an element.

Question 32

How can we add gradients in CSS?

Answer 32

There are two types of Gradients:

1. Linear Gradients: It includes the smooth color transitions to going up, down, left, right, and diagonally. A minimum of two colors are required to create a linear gradient. More than two color elements can be possible in linear gradients. The starting point and the direction are needed for the gradient effect.

Syntax:

background-image: linear-gradient(direction, color-stop1, color-stop2, …);

CSS Radial Gradients: A radial gradient differs from a linear gradient. It starts at a single point and emanates outward. By default, the first color starts at the center position of the element and then fades to the end color towards the edge of the element. Fade happens at an equal rate until specified.
Syntax:

background-image: radial-gradient(shape size at position, start-color, …, l

Question 33

Can we add 2D transformations to our project using CSS?

Answer 33

Yes, we can, a transformation modifies an element by its shape, size, and position. It transforms the elements along the X-axis and Y-axis.
There are six main types of 2D transformations which are listed below:

translate()
rotate()
scale()
skewX()
skewY()
matrix()

Question 34

Can we add 3D transformations to our project using CSS?

Answer 34

Yes, it allows changing elements using 3D transformations. In 3D transformation, the elements are rotated along the X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis.

There are three main types of transformation which are listed below:

rotateX()
rotateY()
rotateZ()

Question 35

What are CSS transitions?

Answer 35

Transitions in CSS allow us to control the way in which transition takes place between the two states of the element.

The transition allows us to determine how the change in color takes place. We can use the transitions to animate the changes and make the changes visually appealing to the user and hence, giving a better user experience and interactivity. In this article, we will show you how to animate the transition between the CSS properties.

There are four CSS properties that you should use, all or in part (at least two, transition-property and transition-duration, is a must),to animate the transition. All these properties must be placed along with other CSS properties of the initial state of the element:

transition-property: This property allows you to select the CSS properties which you want to animate during the transition(change).
Syntax:

transition-property: none | all | property | property1,
property2, …, propertyN;
transition-duration: This property allows you to determine how long it will take to complete the transition from one CSS property to the other.
Syntax:

transition-duration: time;
Here, time can be in seconds(s) or milliseconds(ms), you should use ‘s’ or ‘ms’ after the number (without quotes).

transition-timing-function: This property allows you to determine the speed of change and the manner of change, during the transition. Like, the change should be fast at the beginning and slow at the end, etc.
Syntax:
transition-timing-function: ease|ease-in|ease-out|ease-in-out|linear|
step-start|step-end;
transition-delay: This property allows you to determine the amount of time to wait before the transition actually starts to take place.
Syntax:

transition-delay: time;
Here, again, time can be in seconds(s) or milliseconds(ms), and you should use ‘s’ or ‘ms’ after the number (without quotes).
The Shorthand Property You can combine all the four transition properties mentioned above, into one single shorthand property, according to the syntax given below. This saves us from writing long codes and prevents us from getting messy. Note the ordering of property, it has significance.
Syntax:

transition: (property name) | (duration) | (timing function) | (delay);

Question 36

How can we animate using CSS?

Answer 36

CSS Animations is a technique to change the appearance and behavior of various elements in web pages. It is used to control the elements by changing their motions or display. It has two parts, one which contains the CSS properties which describe the animation of the elements and the other contains certain keyframes which indicate the animation properties of the element and the specific time intervals at which those have to occur.

The @keyframes rule: Keyframes are the foundations with the help of which CSS Animations works. They define the display of the animation at the respective stages of its whole duration. For example: In the following code, the paragraph changes its color with time. At 0% completion, it is red, at 50% completion it is of orange color and at full completion i.e. at 100%, it is brown.

Question 37

What does the CSS box-sizing property do?

Answer 37

The box-sizing CSS property defines how the user should calculate the total width and height of an element i.e. padding and borders, are to be included or not.

Syntax:

box-sizing: content-box|border-box;

Property Values:

content-box: This is the default value of the box-sizing property. In this mode, the width and height properties include only the content. Border and padding are not included in it i.e if we set an element’s width to 200 pixels, then the element’s content box will be 200 pixels wide, and the width of any border or padding will be added to the final rendered width.
border-box: In this mode, the width and height properties include content, padding, and borders i.e if we set an element’s width to 200 pixels, that 200 pixels will include any border or padding we added, and the content box will shrink to absorb that extra width. This typically makes it much easier to size elements.

Question 38

How can we make our website responsive using CSS?

Answer 38

Media query is used to create a responsive web design. It means that the view of a web page differs from system to system based on screen or media types.

Media queries can be used to check many things:

width and height of the viewport
width and height of the device
Orientation
Resolution
A media query consist of a media type that can contain one or more expression which can be either true or false. The result of the query is true if the specified media matches the type of device the document is displayed on. If the media query is true then a style sheet is applied.

Syntax:

@media not | only mediatype and (expression) {
// Code content
}

Question 39

What is CSS flexbox?

Answer 39

It is also called a flexible box model. It is basically a layout model that provides an easy and clean way to arrange items within a container. Flexbox is different from the block model which is vertically biased and the inline which is horizontally biased. Flexbox was created for small-scale layouts and there’s another standard called grids which are geared more towards larger-scale layouts, It works similar to the way to Twitter bootstrap grid system works. Flexbox is responsive and mobile-friendly. To start with flexbox firstly create a flex container. To create a flex container set the display property to flex.

Syntax:

.main-container {
display: flex;
}
Flex Properties:

flex-direction
flex-wrap
flex-flow
justify-content
align-items
align-content

Question 40

What is CSS Grid?

Answer 40

It is a CSS property that offers a grid-based layout system, with rows and columns, making it easier to design web pages without floats and positioning.

Syntax:

grid: none|grid-template-rows / grid-template-columns|grid-template-areas|
grid-template-rows / [grid-auto-flow] grid-auto-columns|[grid-auto-flow]
grid-auto-rows / grid-template-columns|initial|inherit;

Question 41

What is the difference between flexbox and grid?

Answer 41

Dimensionality and Flexibility:

Flexbox offers greater control over alignment and space distribution between items. Being one-dimensional, Flexbox only deals with either columns or rows.
The grid has two-dimension layout capabilities which allow flexible widths as a unit of length. This compensates for the limitations in Flex.

Alignment:

Flex Direction allows developers to align elements vertically or horizontally, which is used when developers create and reverse rows or columns.
CSS Grid deploys fractional measure units for grid fluidity and auto-keyword functionality to automatically adjust columns or rows.

Item Management

Flex Container is the parent element while Flex Item represents the children. The Flex Container can ensure balanced representation by adjusting item dimensions. This allows developers to design for fluctuating screen sizes.
Grid supports both implicit and explicit content placement. Its inbuilt automation allows it to automatically extend line items and copy values into the new creation from the preceding item.

Question 42

What is the best way to include a CSS file? Why use @import?

Answer 42

The External Style Sheet (using HTML <link></link> Tag) is the best method that is used to link the element. Maintaining and re-using the CSS file across different pages is easy and efficient. The <link></link> tag is placed in the HTML <head> element. To specify a media type=”text/css” for a Cascading Style Sheet <type> attribute which is used to ignore style sheet types that are not supported in a browser.</type>

@import rule: The @import rule is used to import one style sheet into another style sheet. This rule also supports media queries so that the user can import the media-dependent style sheet. The@import rule must be declared at the top of the document after any @charset declaration.

Characteristics of @import:

The @import at-rule is used to import a style sheet into an HTML page or another style sheet.
The @import at-rule is also used to add media queries, therefore import is media-dependent.
It is always to be declared at the top of the document.

Syntax:

@import url|string list-of-mediaqueries;

Question 43

How case-sensitive is CSS?

Answer 43

All CSS style sheets are case-insensitive, except for portions that are not under the control of CSS. For example, the case sensitivity due to values of the HTML attributes “id” and “class”, font names, and URIs lies outside the scope of this specification.