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CS/UX: Front-End Software Development > CSS > Flashcards

CSS Flashcards

1
Q

Why CSS?

A

Allow removing presentation information from the content (document).

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2
Q

Why creating an external css file?

A

Organization and reutilization.

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3
Q

Who maintains css?

A

W3C. World wide web consortium.

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4
Q

When css1 was released?

A

1996

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5
Q

When to check which browsers support which version of css?

A

Quirksmode.org/css/contents.html

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6
Q

What are selectors?

A

Define where the style need to be applied.

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7
Q

What are the variations of the selectors?

A

By element, e.g: body

ID selector, e.g #menu

Class selector, e.g .bookTitle

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8
Q

How to make multiple selectors in one line?

A

H1,h2

Comma

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9
Q

What’s a descendant selector?

A

Define css for a specific element or any other thing when anywhere inside another element or thing:

Div p

Apply css to any paragraph at any level inside a div

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10
Q

What’s a child selector?

A

Apply the css to a element or thing inside directly beneath the other element or thing

Div > p

Apply css to any p that is direct child of a div

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11
Q

What’s an attribute selector?

A

Apply css to a element or thing that has a specific attribute and value

Img[alt=spacer]

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12
Q

What’s a pseudo class selector?

A

Is a selector that is given by the browser and extends common css selectors. e.g: li: last-child.

Apply css to a if it was already visited

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13
Q

What’s a pseudo class selector?

A

Is a selector that is given by the browser and extends common css selectors by the element position or state. e.g: li: last-child.

Apply css to a if it was already visited

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14
Q

What are css property variation for keyword?

A

Thin, thick and larger.

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15
Q

What are css property values for physical measurements?

A

Inches (in), points (pt), picas (pc)

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16
Q

How to specify css property values for screen measurements?

A

Px, % and em

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17
Q

How to specify colors?

A

rgbhexa and rgb(r,g,b)

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18
Q

What are the variations of the selectors?

A

By element, e.g: body

ID selector, e.g #menu

Class selector, e.g .bookTitle

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19
Q

What’s a functional notation?

A

Means it looks like a function: rgb()

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20
Q

Where the css can come from?

A

Can come from:

  • The author of the website itself (inline or css files);
  • User stylesheet (the user, or website consume can define styles for every website it visits)
  • The browser also can have a its own styles where there are no other rules in place.
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21
Q

What’s CSS precedence?

A

When the same element’s property is applied more than once and one has more weight than other. The cascade part of CSS means precedence.

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22
Q

What’s the css precedence for each css source?

A

default > user > website author

Website author has the highest weight.

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23
Q

How to override css precedence?

A

!important

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24
Q

What happens if the same element property is defined more than once in the same source?

A

If the same css rule is applied to the same element the last defined wins. The browser tool shows a strikethrough in the property.

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25
Q

how to import css from another file?

A

@import url(myOtherCSSFile.css)

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26
Q

what does dom stand for?

A

Document object model.

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27
Q

whats a css reset?

A

Removes any css defined by the browser or any other source.

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28
Q

What is specificity?

A

Decides who wins in the style definition.

The more specific the more badass. Inline wins everything.

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29
Q

What’s ABC?

A 
A= Count of ID selectors
B = Count of class and attribute selector
C = Count of type selectors

A = Strongest

  • applies to everything, super low specificity.
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30
Q

What’s inheritance in css?

A

Means some styles might be applied to child elements, like font. Not all properties are “inheretable”.

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31
Q

What’s a box model?

A

Every element generates boxes.

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32
Q

What are the main box properties

A

border, padding and margin. Padding push the content inwards and margin outwards.

33
Q

The padding and margin border can be only defined equally?

A

No. There are properties that can be defined for each side, such as as padding-left.

34
Q

What’s the shortcut syntax to define all four sides of the boxes?

A

margin: 0 3px 0 3px. clockwise: top, right, bottom and left.

35
Q

What happens when bot and bottom margins overlaps/touch each other?

A

They do NOT stack up. Margin sets the space between elements.

36
Q

What’s display and visibility properties?

A

It means the element will be inline or occupy a new line. Visibility means if it is going to be shown.

37
Q

How to define font in CSS?

A

font-family

38
Q

What happens if the font is not available in the user’s browser? How to overcome font outage?

A

CSS will fallback to a default available font. It can be overcome by defining up to three fonts separated by comma.

39
Q

How fonts are propagated to the element and its direct and indirect child?

A

Fonts are automatically propagated to the element and its child elements unless overwritten.

40
Q

How to to font sizing?

A

Via defining an absolute value in px (precise control) or relative in “em” (good for accessibility).

41
Q

How does the browser deal with tabs and crlf?

A

They don’t care.. If you want to keep the style, you need to define a “pre” element so that all the text within will have stuff kept.

42
Q

What are special text manipulation?

A

Defining indent, space between words, space between letters, alignments, justify text and etc.

43
Q

What are layout properties?

A

Properties that refer to where the elements will be positioned.

44
Q

What’s the default position?

A

Static (will stack elements one after the other) - block level elements. Anything different that static means the element is a “positioned element”.

45
Q

What’s an absolute position?

A

Will stay in the defined position no matter what. Fixed is similar, but will keep itself in a relative position in the browser area (e.g, always 10px from the top).

46
Q

What is the relative position?

A

Allows to define position properties and it will be applied in a relative position to where the element would be positioned in the first place.

47
Q

What’s a float position?

A

You can define where the element is going to be presented: left or right… useful to have elements one after another other than below. Align is deprecated.

48
Q

What’s three-column layout?

A

Layout that shows the webpage as three big vertical columns where the content is in the middle. There are several places where this is discussed.

49
Q

What are the four positioning types?

A

Static, Absolute, Fixed and Float.

50
Q

What is the overall css precedence and it’s order?

A

Inline css > a more specific selector takes the precedence > rules that applies later in the code overrides if both have the same specifity

Note: !important always win

51
Q

What happens when only one float item is defined in a container?

A

It will properly float and all elements will respect it.

Note: Remember the behavior of float left and right inside a div.

52
Q

What to do when your float element is bigger than its container?

A

You have to clear: left, right or both. This clear can be applied as a sibling (next) div or with the so called Clearfix.

53
Q

What are the four numbers of specificity, what do they mean?

A 
0,0,0,0
from left (more important) to right: !important, inline, #ID, .class, element

They will be turned into the number of occurrences of each selector when the condition is met. The higher the number, the more “weight” it has.

54
Q

What is the recommendation about IDs when writing styles? Is this also applied to the !important flag? What to use then?

A

Use as less as possible, the same applies to the !important flag. Using classes instead reduces the complexity of the CSS.

55
Q

What is the Clearfix? How to apply it?

A

Is a fix created by two guys that fixes the float issues. Apply by defining the class group to the desired elements.

/* clearfix */

.group:before,
.group:after {
  content: "";
  display: table;
}
.group:after {
  clear: both;
}
.group {
  zoom: 1;
}
56
Q

What properties do the box model consists of (from inner to outside)?

A

content area (e.g the text), padding area (surrounding text), border area (surrounding the padding area) and the margin area (surrounding the border).

57
Q

What is the overflow property? What is the default value? What happens when the value is set to auto?

A

Defines what happens to an element, when it doesn’t fit the parent’s area. The default value is Visible (meaning the element will appear outside the boundaries) and auto means that scroll bars will appear if necessary.

58
Q

What is a positioned element?

A

Any element which its position is different than the default static.

59
Q

What attributes I can set to positioned elements?

A

Top, right, bottom and left for customized placements.

60
Q

What is Z-Index? When can be used?

A

Defines which element will be shown in case of overlaps. Works for positioned elements only.

61
Q

What to do when I want to define the height to 120px in total? Do I need to sum stuff?

A

You need to sum the margin(twice), border (twice), padding (twice) and apply the rest as the height.

62
Q

How to hide an existing horizontal scrollbar?

A

overflow-x: hidden;

63
Q

Should we follow the DRY principle when writing CSS as well? What are the 4 tips to achieve it?

A

Yes.
1 - Define fonts in higher-level containers;
2 - If you need to define a specific style multiple times, you can CSS select them all using commas and then define the style only once.
3 - Using selector abstraction.
4 - Using shorthands like margin 0 0 0 0 (no commas) instead of top, right and etc.

64
Q

What is the selector abstraction?

A

It is when you generalize a specific class to use it multiple times and specialize another one for the final touches. e.g button class=”button orange-background”. button by default is gray and its background color is going to be overridden by the next class. The css order in the class=”asd asd” matters.

65
Q

What is the display default behavior of a block and inline elements?

A

The block element will fulfill the width, will add a break line before and after it and the full box model can be manipulated.
The inline element is exactly the opposite: only occupies the needed space and no like breaks.

66
Q

What is an inline-block display type?

A

When your block element behaves as an inline element but you can still manipulate the box model.

67
Q

How to centralize a block-level element?

A

define a width to it and then define the margin as 0 auto

68
Q

What is the so called collapsing margins? Can it vary?

A

It is when the margin won’t sum up with other margins. Yes, this behavior might not happen when one or more block-level elements has padding or border, relative or absolute positioning or a float left or right.

69
Q

What happens when two block level elements one above the other and one defines a margin of 40px and the below one has a margin of 20px? Will they sum up?

A

They won’t sum up. The largest margin will be applied.

70
Q

Should we apply margins to all block elements when the content may vary? Why?

A

Because some of the content might be removed and the margin, if defined in some of the elements, might break the layout.

71
Q

Even though we create specific classes for the elements we want, is it a good idea to have defined common css to other elements?

A

Yes… for maintenance purpose.

72
Q

how to select a paragraph with the class my-class?

A

p.my-class {

}

73
Q

Where images that are part of the layout should be included?

A

In the background using css. e.g:

background: url(myimage.jpg)
height: 250px
weight: 250px

74
Q

Where images that are part of the content be included?

A

They should be included as html elements. e.g: img src=

75
Q

What is a easy way to make the images fit the block-level element? How to improve it further and make the image to not crop at all? How to make it to work with landscape images?

A

overflow: hidden. An improvement is defining the height of the image and let the weight adapt itself. Fixing the width and let the height vary.

76
Q

What is a trick to change a sprite (image) when the mouse hover without having the delay caused by the new http request? Are there online tools to deal with sprites?

A

Combine both images and move the image to show the other instead. e.g:
.logo: hover, .logo:focus {
background-position: 0 -100px;
}
yes.. there are online tools such as spritecow.com

77
Q

Why base64 encoding images on a page? What situations to apply? What are the downsides?

A

To improve load times. Use it for small icons and images. The downside is that they are not going to be indexed on google search engine.

78
Q

Can the pseudo classes be combined?

A

Yes… e.g: p:first-of-type:first-line {}

CS/UX: Front-End Software Development (8 decks)

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