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Geography (Human) > CSMP KO > Flashcards

CSMP KO Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘space’ and ‘place’ in geography.

A

Space exists as a physical location with no inherent meaning, while place is a location with meaning, often shaped by experiences and memories.

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2
Q

According to Tuan (1977), how does space become place?

A

“When space becomes familiar to us, it has become place.”

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3
Q

How does population density affect the environmental quality of Toxteth compared to Lympstone?

A

Toxteth has a higher population density (87.8 people/hectare), resulting in less green space and lower environmental quality, while Lympstone’s lower density (16.6 people/hectare) contributes to better environmental conditions.

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4
Q

Compare the age structure (>65 years) in Toxteth and Lympstone.

A

In Lympstone, 24% of the population is over 65, reflecting its appeal to retirees, while in Toxteth, only 10.6% are over 65, indicative of a younger population.

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5
Q

What is the ethnic composition of Toxteth and Lympstone, and how does this reflect migration history?

A

Toxteth: 78.6% white, 6% Black African, 4.6% Asian, showing high migration. Lympstone: 98.9% white, reflecting limited historical migration opportunities.

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6
Q

How does religion and cultural diversity differ between Toxteth and Lympstone?

A

Toxteth has significant religious diversity due to migration, with celebrations like Eid and distinctive places of worship (mosques, synagogues). Lympstone is predominantly Christian, with less religious diversity.

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7
Q

Compare owner-occupied homes in Toxteth and Lympstone.

A

Lympstone: 66% owner-occupied (higher economic advantage). Toxteth: 24% owner-occupied, reflecting economic challenges.

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8
Q

How do education levels differ between Toxteth and Lympstone?

A

Toxteth: 27% have no formal qualifications. Lympstone: 14%, showing a more educated population.

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9
Q

What percentage of people in Toxteth and Lympstone report bad or very bad health?

A

Toxteth: 9.4%, compared to Lympstone’s 4.1%, reflecting health disparities.

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10
Q

Describe the housing differences in Toxteth and Lympstone.

A

Toxteth: Dense terraced housing and derelict streets. Lympstone: Larger, detached homes, and preserved fishing cottages, reflecting wealth and planning laws.

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11
Q

How does the road layout reflect the urban or rural nature of Toxteth and Lympstone?

A

Toxteth: Linear, grid-like road patterns from rapid urban growth. Lympstone: Nucleated layout with narrow lanes, reflecting village planning.

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12
Q

How has Toxteth’s history shaped its identity?

A

Toxteth evolved from a small coastal village in 1086 to a bustling port during the Industrial Revolution. Migration and deindustrialisation later led to economic challenges.

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13
Q

How has Lympstone’s history shaped its identity?

A

Lympstone transitioned from a 13th-century fishing port to a dormitory settlement in the 19th century, supported by the railway and tourism.

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14
Q

How have shifting flows of people shaped Toxteth’s identity?

A

Migration has introduced cultural diversity, influencing its built environment and services, such as mosques and ethnic retailers.

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15
Q

What role has economic development played in Lympstone’s identity?

A

Professional jobs and the relocation of organisations like the Met Office to Exeter have reinforced Lympstone’s status as a dormitory settlement.

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16
Q

How has globalisation influenced places positively?

A

It connects places through global brands, efficient travel, and communication, making areas more vibrant and interconnected.

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17
Q

What are the negative impacts of globalisation on places?

A

Homogenisation of culture, loss of local businesses, and reduced uniqueness of places.

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18
Q

What are Advanced Countries (ACs)?

A

Countries with well-developed financial markets, diversified economic structures, and growing service sectors.

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19
Q

Define capitalism.

A

A socio-economic system where goods and services are produced for profit, driven by individuals’ desire for gain and self-interest.

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20
Q

What is comparative advantage?

A

The principle that regions benefit from specializing in activities where they are most efficient.

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21
Q

What is comprehensive redevelopment?

A

The planning and rebuilding of a large urban area, often involving demolition of existing structures.

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22
Q

Define core regions.

A

Areas with concentrated economic activity and high living standards.

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23
Q

What is deindustrialisation?

A

The decline of industrial capacity and heavy manufacturing in a country.

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24
Q

Define deprivation.

A

When a person’s well-being falls below a minimum standard due to factors like housing, health, and education.

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25
Q

What is disposable income?

A

Income remaining after essentials such as housing, food, and taxes are paid.

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26
Q

What is economic restructuring?

A

The shift in employment patterns, such as from manufacturing to service sectors.

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27
Q

What is an edge city?

A

A large, planned urban development on the fringe of an existing city.

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28
Q

Define Emerging and Developing Countries (EDCs).

A

Countries with developing economies, not yet advanced but not classified as low-income.

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29
Q

What are gated communities?

A

Residential areas with controlled access, often surrounded by fences or walls.

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30
Q

What is gentrification?

A

The process where low-income areas are redeveloped by higher-income groups, often increasing property values.

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31
Q

What are Geographic Information Systems (GIS)?

A

Computer tools for storing, processing, and analyzing geographic data.

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32
Q

What defines a ghetto?

A

Urban areas with high concentrations of people from similar socio-economic, cultural, or ethnic backgrounds.

33
Q

What does the Gini Coefficient measure?

A

The degree of inequality in income or wealth distribution within a population.

34
Q

What is the global shift?

A

The movement of manufacturing from ACs to EDCs and LIDCs since the 1970s.

35
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The increasing integration and interdependence of economic, social, political, and environmental systems worldwide.

36
Q

Define global village.

A

The concept of the world being closely connected through telecommunications and economic interdependence.

37
Q

What is a green belt?

A

A rural area around an urban zone where development is restricted to preserve the environment.

38
Q

What is hierarchy?

A

A system of ranking individuals or groups based on status or authority.

39
Q

What does homogeneous mean?

A

Of the same or similar kind.

40
Q

What is a household?

A

One person living alone or a group of people living together, not necessarily related.

41
Q

What is housing tenure?

A

The system of housing occupation, such as ownership or renting.

42
Q

What is the informal sector?

A

Economic activities not officially recognized or regulated, often lacking formal qualifications.

43
Q

What is interconnectedness?

A

The sense of unity and connectivity among global entities.

44
Q

What is interdependence?

A

The mutual reliance among ACs, EDCs, and LIDCs through trade, aid, and migration.

45
Q

What is the inward flow of investment?

A

Money injected into a region from external sources.

46
Q

What is the knowledge economy?

A

Economic activities based on knowledge, such as high-tech manufacturing and finance.

47
Q

Define life cycle in geography.

A

The progression of a person through stages of life, from infancy to old age.

48
Q

What are LIDCs?

A

Countries eligible for financial support due to their low income and development levels.

49
Q

What were the Millennium Development Goals?

A

UN targets set in 2000 to improve global living standards by addressing poverty, health, and education.

50
Q

What is a multinational corporation?

A

A firm operating and managing activities in multiple countries.

51
Q

What is the multiplier effect?

A

The process where new economic activity generates further employment and wealth in an area.

52
Q

What is the New International Division of Labour?

A

A global reorganisation of production, with higher-paying jobs in ACs and lower-wage labor in LIDCs.

53
Q

What does objective mean in a geographical context?

A

Judgements or perspectives not influenced by personal feelings, focusing solely on factual representation.

54
Q

What is perception in geography?

A

An individual’s understanding or interpretation of an area, influenced by their culture, background, and socio-economic status.

55
Q

What defines the periphery in global development?

A

Regions that do not benefit from global wealth or integration, often due to lack of investment and harsher environmental conditions.

56
Q

How is ‘place’ defined in geography?

A

A location imbued with meaning through human experience and interpretation.

57
Q

Who are players (stakeholders) in geographical processes?

A

Individuals or organizations with influence or interest in geographical decisions or developments.

58
Q

What does post-industrial refer to?

A

A society or economy dominated by tertiary (service) sectors rather than manufacturing.

59
Q

What is the primary sector?

A

Economic activities involving raw material extraction, such as agriculture, fishing, and mining.

60
Q

What is quality of life?

A

The extent to which individuals’ social, psychological, and physical needs are met.

61
Q

What is the quaternary sector?

A

Economic activities focused on knowledge-based services, such as research and development or consultancy.

62
Q

What is rebranding?

A

Changing negative perceptions of a place to make it more attractive to investment.

63
Q

Define regeneration in geography.

A

Investment and redevelopment aimed at revitalizing a region’s socio-economic and environmental conditions.

64
Q

What is reimaging?

A

Rebranding efforts involving cultural, artistic, or sporting developments to alter a place’s image.

65
Q

What is scale in geography?

A

The relationship between distances on a map and actual distances in real life.

66
Q

Define the secondary sector.

A

Industries that process raw materials into finished goods, such as manufacturing.

67
Q

What is social inequality?

A

The unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and services across a population.

68
Q

How is ‘space’ different from ‘place’?

A

Space is a physical location without social connections or meaning attributed to it.

69
Q

What is spatial inequality?

A

The unequal distribution of resources and services across geographic spaces.

70
Q

Who are stakeholders?

A

Individuals or organizations with an interest in or influence over geographical processes and decisions.

71
Q

What is standard of living?

A

The ability to access basic goods and services like food, housing, and transportation.

72
Q

What is studentification?

A

The process where certain neighborhoods become dominated by student populations.

73
Q

What does subjective mean in geography?

A

Perspectives or judgements influenced by personal feelings or opinions.

74
Q

What are the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

A

A set of 17 international targets established in 2015 to improve global living standards and tackle climate change by 2030.

75
Q

What is the tertiary sector?

A

Economic activities providing services, such as education, healthcare, and retail.

76
Q

What is a threshold in geography?

A

The minimum population or spending required to support a service or activity.

77
Q

Define time-space compression.

A

Processes that reduce perceived distances between places, such as faster transport and communication.

78
Q

What is a transnational corporation (TNC)?

A

A large company operating in multiple countries, often involved in global trade and investment.

Geography (Human) (7 decks)

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