CSI 9 main tasks flashcards

Question 1

What 2 parameters can be used to assess kidney function?

Answer 1

protein in urine

serum creatinine

Question 2

What 4 processes occur in the kidney?

Answer 2

filtration
reabsorption
secretion
excretion

Question 3

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 3

the nephron

Question 4

What is filtration at the glomerulus mainly based on?

Answer 4

size and charge

Question 5

What cells perform reabsorption in the kidney?

Answer 5

epithelial cells of renal tubules

Question 6

What is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 6

large amounts of electrolytes, glucose and filtered proteins are reabsorbed by active transport and passive diffusion

Question 7

What cells can secrete substances into the urine?

Answer 7

tubular cells in the kidney

Question 8

What happens to anything that is filtered and no reabsorbed in the kidney?

Answer 8

it is secreted as waste in urine

Question 9

What is creatinine?

Answer 9

a non protein molecule generally filtered very easily by glomerulus in healthy individuals, freely filtered, not reabsorbed (very slightly secreted)

Question 10

What do high creatinine levels in serum suggest?

Answer 10

kidneys aren’t filtering properly

Question 11

What is protein in urine abnormal?

Answer 11

Because most proteins in filtrate should be reabsorbed and large proteins should never cross filtration barrier

Question 12

What is the most abundant protein in normal urine?

Answer 12

Tam-Horsfall protein/uromodulin (all comes from secretion)

Question 13

What are the 3 types of proteinuria?

Answer 13

overflow
glomerular
tubular

Question 14

What is overflow proteinuria?

Answer 14

excess of small low molecular weight proteins in circulation means that more crosses filtration barrier - epithelial cells of tubules get saturated trying to reabsorb all of it, some protein ends up being excreted

Question 15

What is difference between haemoglobinuria and haematuria?

Answer 15

haemoglobinuria = excess free Hb in urine from overflow
haematuria = bleeding from urinary tract itself, so Hb may be present in urine but alongside intact RBCs

Question 16

What is glomerular proteinuria?

Answer 16

damage to glomerular filtration barrier means more proteins of large sizes than usual are let through, excess saturates reabsorption in tubules resulting in urinary protein loss

Question 17

What protein is primarily lost in glomerular proteinuria.?

Answer 17

albumin (flexible, ellipsoid shape - similar size to pores)

Question 18

What is it called when albumin is found in the urine?

Answer 18

albuminuria

Question 19

What is tubular proteinuria?

Answer 19

tubules are damage and not able to reabsorb filtered proteins as well

Question 20

What are all types of proteinuria associated with?

Answer 20

potential saturation of tubular cells in reabsorption

Question 21

What drugs are the most common causes of acute kidney injury in hospitalised patients?

Answer 21

NSAIDs, ACE-inhibitors, Aminoglycoside inhibitors, contrast agents

Question 22

What mechanism of protein loss is capable of producing the biggest protein loss?

Answer 22

glomerular proteinuria