CSI 9

Question 1

anatomy of femur

Answer 1

head (ball and socket)
neck
gretaer and lesser trochanter forming the intertrochanteric line
shaft

Question 2

what is a trochanter

Answer 2

conical protusion from femoral shaft

Question 3

what holds ball and socket?

Answer 3

ligament if the head of the femur

Question 4

vascualture of femur?

Answer 4

medial circumflex artery goes behind femur
lateral cirumflex goes in front
foveal artery: atatches to the head of femur
metaphyseal arteries (ascending cervical on neck)

Question 5

types of fractures intra/extracapsular

Answer 5

intracapsular (above the ITL)
extracapsular (below ITL)
subcapital (head-neck junction)
trancervical (midportion of the neck)
intertrochanteric: base of neck
subtrochanteric: in shaft

Question 6

what is garden classifciation?

Answer 6

whether or not necrosis will occur:
garden 1: incomplete no displace
garden 2: complete, not dispalced
garden 3: complete, partially dispalced
garden 4: complete, completely displaced

Question 7

grouped causes of falls 6

Answer 7

nuero: confusion, impairment, poor vision
cardio: syncope, arrythmias
muscular: arthitis, muscle weakness, parkinsons
enviormental:
unmodfiible: age, female gender
chemical

Question 8

osteoporosis vs osteomalacia

Answer 8

reduced bone mineral density
vs reduced calcification

Question 9

causes of osteoporsis disease plus pathology

Answer 9

bone resorption»
RANKL causes osteoclasts to resorb bone
low calcium, low oestrogen, glucocorticoids

Question 10

what is colle’s fracture

Answer 10

distal radius fracture

Question 11

DEXA scans: stands for, score

Answer 11

dual energy absorptiometry,
T score:>-2.5 - osteoporosis
-1 to -2.5 - osteopoenia

Question 12

patterns in osteoporsis in gender and age

Answer 12

Women: oestrogen increaess tgf beta which enhances osteoclast apoptosis
Age:less oestrogen and less bioactive testostrogen

Question 13

mehcanostat theory and Wolff’s Law:

Answer 13

a regulatory mechanism so bone chnages depending on demands it needs. above threshold -> bone formation.
wolff’s: bone remodels and grows due to outside pressure.

Question 14

what to assess, supportive, investigation measures

Answer 14

mental cpaacity and pre operative obs
fluid, pain meds
FBC,Radiographs,Urea, ECG,renal function

Question 15

surgical

Answer 15

extracapsular: Hip screws
Intracapsular ( displaced/ g3/4): total hip replacement (arhtroplasty) or partial (hemi-arthroplasty)
Intracapsular (non displaced/ g1/2): hip screws

Question 16

medication:

Answer 16

zoledronic acid: inhibits bone resorpstion
Raloxifene: ostrogen recetpr modulator\
Bisphosphonates: reduce osteoclast activity
teriparatide: PTH

Question 17

Delirium meanings vs pyshcosis and 2 types

Question 18

causes of delirum:

Answer 18

acute, sudden changes in alertness etc
hypo: sleepy vs hyper: alert/restless

Question 19

treatment +support:

Answer 19

-pain meds, hydrated, oxygenated
- talk to family + avoid noise