Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CSI > CSI 3 hospital acquired infections > Flashcards

CSI 3 hospital acquired infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by a reservoir

A

A reservoir of an infectious agent is the habitat where it normally grows e.g humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give some examples of diseases without intermediaries

A

STDs, measles, mumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why was smallpox eradicated after the last human case was identified and isolated

A

Humans are the only reservoir for the smallpox virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a carrier when referring to a human

A

Someone who has no symptoms but can still capable of transmitting the disease to others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the difference between a carrier and a vector

A

A carrier is infected with the pathogen (even if they are asymptomatic) but a vector is not infected with it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are 3 different types of carriers

A

Incubatory, convalescent and chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a incubatory carrier

A

Someone that can transmit the agent during the incubation period before chronic illness begins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a convalescent carrier

A

Those who have recovered from illness but remain capable of transmitting it to others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a chronic carrier

A

Someone that continues to harbour the causative agent for weeks or months after infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is zoonosis

A

Infectious disease that is transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrae animals to humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give 5 ways in which a pathogen can leave a host

A

Respiratory tract, urine, feces, crossing placenta from mother to foetus, cuts or needles in skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe and explain the two modes of direct transmission

A

Direct contact - skin to skin and sexual intercourse
Droplet spread - coughing, sneezing in short range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe 3 ways of indirect transmission

A

Airborne transmission - when infectious agent is carried by dust or droplet suspended in air
Vehicles - food, water, blood or formites (inanimate objects)
Vectors - Mosquitoes, fleas and ticks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give 3 examples of non specific factors that defend against infection

A

Skin, mucous membranes and gastric activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How can vehiclebourne transmissions be reduced

A

Elimination or decontamination of vehicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can airborne transmission be reduced

A

Modify ventilation or air pressure, filtering or treating air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How can vectorbourne transmission be reduced

A

Controlling vector population e.g bug spray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Give 2 examples of interventions that aim to increase a Hosts defence

A

Vaccination, prophylactic use of antimalarial drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of intervention might prevent a pathogen from encountering a susceptible host

A

Herd immunity

20
Q

What is a hospital acquired infection

A

An infection a patient gets whilst receiving treatment for medical or surgical conditions

21
Q

What are the 4 main risks factors of HAIs

A

Medical procedures and antibiotic use, organisational factors, patient characteristics, behaviour of healthcare staff

22
Q

How can HAIs be prevented

A

Increased compliance with and adoption of best practices of healthcare workers

23
Q

What is a bacterial cell wall made of

A

Lipid bilayer and peptidoglycin matrix

24
Q

What are the differences in cell walls between gram positive and negative bacteria

A

Gram positive - builds thick peptidoglycan sheath around a single membrane whereas gram negative builds a thin layer between two lipopolysaccharide membranes

25
Q

What colour are gram positive and negative bacteria

A

Positive is purple
Negative is red/pink

26
Q

When someone has an infection what are their WBC count, CRP levels and Respiratory rate like

A

All high

27
Q

How does penicillin obstruct bacteria

A

It prevents peptidoglycan production so cell bursts due to osmotic pressure

28
Q

How does penicillin prevent peptidoglycan production

A

It binds to serine on the penicillin binding proteins active site which inactivates the enzyme preventing it from forming a peptidoglycan matrix

29
Q

How does MRSA evade certain antibiotics

A

It expresses penicillin binding protein 2a which has an altered active site which penicillin and other similar antibiotics cannot bind to

30
Q

How can an antibiotic be inactivated

A

Enzyme degradation or alteration making it useless

31
Q

How can bacteria evade beta lactam containing antibiotics

A

It can express a beta lactamase enzyme that breaks the beta lactam of the antibiotic making it useless

32
Q

How can antibiotics overcome bacteria that produces beta lactamase

A

They contain beta lactamase inhibitors, allowing the beta lactam in the antibiotic to work normally

33
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer

A

Where genetic material (plasmids) are transferred to another organism that isn’t its offspring

34
Q

What is vertical gene transfer

A

Transfer of genetic information including mutations from parent to offspring

35
Q

How can antibiotic resistance within one population of bacteria spread to another population

A

Horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance or by vertical gene transfer from one generation to the next

36
Q

What are antimicrobials

A

Drugs used to treat infections and disease caused by microbes

37
Q

What are the two types of microbes treated by

A

Bacteria by antibiotics
Fungi by antifunguls

38
Q

Where do you typically find antibiotic resistant DNA in bacteria

A

Plasmids

39
Q

What gram of bacteria has an outer layer that protects it from their antibiotics
Drugs

A

Gram negative

40
Q

How do germs get rid of antibiotics

A

Use pumps in their cell walls to remove antibiotic drugs that enter the cell wall

41
Q

What other methods do bacteria use to get rid of antibiotics

A

Change or destroy antibiotics using an enzyme
Develop new processes that avoid the antibiotics target
Change the antibiotics target so it no longer does it’s job

42
Q

What is sepsis

A

Body’s extreme reaction to an infection which can lead to tissue damage, organ failure and death

43
Q

What is meant by shock

A

Inbalance in supply and demand

44
Q

What is the sequence of septic shock

A

Hypotension > tachycardia > tachypnoea (high respiratory rate)

45
Q

How are antibiotics delivered during sepsis

A

Intravenously as they have a faster delivery than oral antibiotics

CSI (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions