Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CSI Y2 > CSI 14+15 > Flashcards

CSI 14+15 Flashcards

1
Q

What is non specific back pain?

A

Back pain with an unidentifiable cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is back pain often due to?

A

Sprains or strains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can back pain more rarely be caused by?

A

A slipped/prolapsed disc

Sciatica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is somatotrophic organisation arranged?

A

Contralaterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where does decussation occur for contralateral arrangement?

A

Medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What side of the body does each side of the somatosensory cortex represent?

A

The right side represents the left side of the body and the left side represents the right side of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can stimulation of the cingulate cortex cause?

A

Aversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can stimulation of the insula cause?

A

Vasoconstriction, sweating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What can stimulation of the amagdyla cause?

A

Fear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can stimulation of the reticular formation cause?

A

Arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the process by which a stimulus is converted to an action potential?

A

Transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of receptors need a larger stimulus to be activated?

A

Pain receptors/nocireceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the different types of stimuli that can activate pain receptors?`

A

Thermal
Chemical
Mechanical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where are mechanoreceptors usually found?

A

Plasma membrane of high threshold nerve endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are mechanoreceptors activated?

A

They undergo conformational change when a mechanical force is applied which triggers an action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How are chemoreceptors activated?

A

They undergo conformational change in response to certain cytokines being released at the site of inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What path does touch take?

A

Dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What path does pain take?

A

Spinothalamic tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the different routes in the spinothalamic tract for?

A

The fast one is for sharp pain

The slow one is for dull pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What fibres carry sharp pain in the spinothalamic tract?

A

A delta fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What fibres carry dull pain in the spinothalamic tract?

A

C fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How are a delta and c fibres in the spinothalamic tract different?

A

They have different speed limits due to difference in thickness and myelination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe where the spinothalamic tract decussates and synapses along its path?

A

It immediately synapses and decussates upon entering the dorsal horn
It then travels contralaterally and synapses in the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is special about the pathway for dull pain?

A

It is involved with the reticular formation when it ascends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the reticular formation usually cause? How is this related to pain?

A

It causes arousal, this explains why pain can keep you up at night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why do muscles flinch when we experience sharp pain?

A

Because there is a pain relfex arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the 3 types of back pain?

A

Mechanical
Radiculopathy
Corda equina syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe mechanical back pain

A 
Most common (80% of back pain is this type)
Problem is in the vertebra, ligaments or muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Desrcibe radiculopathy

A

Unilateral symptoms
Pain is localised
One spinal nerve is affected
There may be weakness, loss or change in sensation in an area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What type of back pain is sciatica?

A

Radiculopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What commonly causes corda equina syndrome (CAS)?

A

Herniated or slipped disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the pattern of pain in CAS?

A

Usually bilateral if the disc goes backward or centrally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How common is CAS

A

Very rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is it important to focus on in back pain to rule out CAS?

A

New symptoms like leg pain

They may have long standing back pain but newly developing symptoms can indicate CAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the usual symptoms in CAS?

A 
Must have bilateral pain
Bladder and skin nerves are usually affected
Sexual dysfunction
Loss of anal tone
Reduced perianal sensation
Bladder problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Why does CAS cause difficultly initiating mictruition?

A

Wherever the compression is the nerves below are affected, if the compression occurs above S1 (parasympathetic supply to the urinary sphincter) then there will be trouble initiating urination

37
Q

Where is the sympathetic supply to the bladder?

A

L1-3

38
Q

Where is the parasympathetic supply to the bladder?

A

S1

39
Q

What does the sympathetic supply to the bladder do?

A

Contracts the urinary sphincter therefore stopping urination

40
Q

What does the parasympathetic supply to the bladder do?

A

Relaxes the urinary sphincter therefore initiating urination

41
Q

How will problems with urination in CAS present?

A

Stage 1= changes in urination
Stage 2= urinary retention
Stage 3= overflow incontination

42
Q

What is overflow incontination?

A

When pressure in the bladder is so high it overcomes the sphincter

43
Q

What are the red flag symptoms for CAS?

A

Bilateral sciatica
Severe progressive bilateral neurological deficit for the legs
Difficulty initiating urination
Loss of sensation of rectal fullness
Perianal, perineal or genital sensory loss
Laxity of anal sphincter

44
Q

What are some ways progressive bilateral neurological deficit for the legs may manifest?

A

Foot drop
Motor weakness with knee extension
Ankle eversion
Foot dorsiflexion

45
Q

What can CAS cause permanently?

A

Urinary incontinence
Faecal incontinence
Leg weakness

46
Q

Why is it so important to scree for CAS and document in patients with backpain?

A

Due to the possibility of permanent damage patients are more likely to sue their doctors if it isn’t caught and payout can be huge

47
Q

Can CAS pain be unilateral?

A

Yes, in rare cases where the herniated/slipped disc travels laterally

48
Q

What is COPD?

A

The name for a group of lung conditions that cause breathing difficulties

49
Q

What does COPD encompass?

A

Emphysema= damage to air sacs in the lungs

Chronic bronchitis= long term inflammation of the airways

50
Q

What are the main symptoms of COPD?

A

Increasing breathlessness particularly when active
Persistent chesty cough with phlegm
Frequent chest infections
Persistent wheezing

51
Q

What are some causes of COPD

A

Mainly smoking
Long term exposure to harmful fumes or dust
Genetic problem that makes the lungs more vulnerable

52
Q

What are the main treatments for COPD?

A

Stopping smoking
Inhalers and medication
Pulmonary rehab (specialised programme of exercise and education)
Surgery or lung transplant

53
Q

What is an exacerbation?

A

A deterioration from an individual’s baseline

54
Q

What is seen on a chest x ray when someone has pneumonia?

A

Opacification which is due to fluid build up

55
Q

What do clavicles pointing up on a chest x ray indicate?

A

Hyperinflation of the lungs

56
Q

What does a slightly lower diaphragm on a chest x ray indicate?

A

Hyperventilation

57
Q

What does a slightly enlarged heart on a chest x ray indicate? What symptom may be associated with it?

A

The heart is working harder than usual

May be accompanied by ankle oedema

58
Q

What is the name of the condition when there is fluid in the lungs?

A

Pleural effusion

59
Q

If there is acidemia how do you tell via ABG if its respiratory or metabolic?

A 
Respiratory= high pco2
Metabolic= low hco3
60
Q

If there is alkalemia how do you tell via ABG if its respiratory or metabolic?

A 
Respiratory= low pco2
Metabolic= high hco3
61
Q

How is pneumonia diagnosed?

A

Radiologically

62
Q

What conditions fall under type 1 respiratory failure?

A 
Pneumonia
Pulmonary oedema
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary fibrosis
ARDS
Aspiration
Lung collapse
Asthma 
Pneumothorax
Blunt chest trauma
63
Q

What conditions fall under type 2 respiratory failure?

A 
Reduced respiratory drive
Upper respiratory obstruction
Severe acute asthma
COPD
Peripheral neuromuscular disease
Exhaustion
64
Q

What drugs are given in COPD exacerbation?

A

Bronchodilators (eg salbutamol)
IV antibiotics
IV hydrocortisone

65
Q

What is CPAP useful for?

A

If they have trouble breathing in

66
Q

How does biPAP work and when is it useful?

A

It gives 2 types of pressures which is important when someone has trouble breathing in and out

67
Q

Are CPAP and BiPAP invasive or non invasive?

A

Non invasive

68
Q

What type of pressure do CPAP and BiPAP provide?

A

Continuous positive airway pressure

69
Q

What non drug treatments can be used in COPD exacerbation?

A

Oxygen
Sit them upright so they can inflate well
Respiratory physiotherapist

70
Q

When is biPAP used?

A

When there is co2 retention and/or pump failure

71
Q

In CPAP and BiPAP which pressure is greater our of inspiratory and expiratory?

A

Inspiratory

72
Q

Describe how hypoxia leads to ankle swelling

A 
Pulmonary hypoxia
Pulmonary vasoconstriction
Increased pulmonary vascular resistance
Pulmonary hypertension
Increased right ventricle afterload
Right ventricular failure (blood doesn't return to the right ventricle properly so there is backflow in the body)
Peripheral oedema
Ankle swelling
73
Q

How are ABGs interpreted?

A

First identify if its an acidosis, alkalosis or normal

Next identify if its metabolic or respiratory by looking at pco2 and hco3

74
Q

What is pco2 and hco3 in respiratory acidosis?

A

pco2 is high

hco3 is also high

75
Q

What is pco2 and hco3 in respiratory alkalosis?

A

pco2 is low

hco3 is also low

76
Q

In metabolic acidosis what is hco3?

A

low

77
Q

In metabolic alkalosis what is hco3?

A

high

78
Q

How is co2 mostly carried?

A

In RBCs

79
Q

What is metabolic acidemia caused by?

A

increased H+ or reduced hco3-

80
Q

What is used to determine the cause of metabolic acidaemia?

A

The anion gap

81
Q

How is the anion gap calculated?

A

[Na+]-[hco3-]-[cl-]

82
Q

What is the usual range for the anion gap?

A

8-16 mmol/L

83
Q

What is the usual range for the anion gap when [K+] is included?

A

12-20 mmol/L

84
Q

What is the main cause of a high anion gap?

A

Metabolic acidosis eg lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, toxins, and renal failure

85
Q

Why do high anion gaps arise?

A

high unmeasured anions or H+ reacting with hco3-

86
Q

Why do normal anion gaps arise?

A

Because lost hco3- is replaced with chloride ions

87
Q

What is the main cause of a normal anion gap?

A

Diarrhoea and renal tubular acidosis

88
Q

How is a metabolic acidosis compensated?

A

Increasing ventilation so pco2 falls, h2co3 falls, pH rises

89
Q

How is a respiratory acidosis compensated?

A

Kidney retains more hco3- and excretes more h+ to increase pH

CSI Y2 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions