CSF, Hydrocephalus and LP Flashcards
Definition of hydrocephalus
A general condition whereby there is an excess CSF within the intracranial space and specifically, the intraventricular spaces within the brain - causing dilatation of the ventricles and a wide range of symptoms
Where is the majority of CSF produced by?
Choroid plexus
How is CSF produced?
Metabolically active process within the brain (requires ATP) whereby sodium is pumped into the subarachnoid space, and water follows from the blood vessels
Where is choroid plexus located?
Lateral ventricles - temporal horn roofs - floor of bodies Posterior 3rd ventricle roof Caudal 4th ventricle roof
Where is the biggest choroid plexus found?
Lateral ventricle
What is the mechanism of CSF flow?
Flows from the two lateral ventricles into the 3rd ventricle (through the foramen of munro) then down the aqueduct into the 4th ventricle.
Then out through the megendie foramen (single and midline) and two Luschcka foramen (lateral)
After exiting the 4th ventricle, flows through subarachnoid space over and around the brain and spinal cord and is eventually reabsorbed into the venous system through numerous arachnoid granulations along the dural venous sinuses (esp the superior sagital sinus
How many cc’s does an average adult brain produce?
450 - 600 ccs
Normally, production of CSF = what?
Resorption of CSF
What do arachnoid granulations contain?
Arachnoid villi
Two types of hydrocephalus
Communicating hydrocephalus (CoH) Non communicating hydrocephalus (NCH)
What is communicating hydrocephalus also known as?
Non obstructive hydrocephalus
What is non communicating hydrocephalus also known as?
Obstructive hydrocephalus
What is communicating hydrocephalus?
CSF pathway open from “start to finish”, meaning CSF can travel freely from the choroid plexus to the arachnoid granulations, then you have “no obstruction” and a communicating hydrocephalus
What is non communicating hydrocephalus?
If CSF cannot travel freely from start to finish, then youve got an “obstruction” and non communicating hydrocephalus
What does communicating hydrocephalus usually represent a problem with?
CSF reabsorption - which cannot keep up with the rate of CSF production
Result of communicating hydrocephalus
As the ventricular system dilates uniformly, the ICP rises
Pathology of communicating hydrocephalus
Underabsorption of CSF
Overproduction of CSF (RARE)
Presentation of communicating hydrocephalus
Young children whose sutures havent fused yet
- disproportional increased in head circumference
- failure to thrive
Children with fused sutures / adults
- symptoms of increased ICP; Headache, nausea and vomiting, gait distrubance, 6th cranial nerve palsy, papilloedema, upgaze difficulty
Causes of Communicating hydrocephalus
Infection (e.g. bacterial meningitis)
Subarachnoid haemorrhage (blood and blood breakdown products cause scarring of arachnoid granulations)
Post op
Head trauma
Causes of non communicating hydrocephalus
Aqueductal stenosis Tumours / cancers / metastases Cysts Infection Haemorrhage/haematoma Congenital malformations/conditions
How quickly do the symptoms of non communicating hydrocephalus come on?
Processes that have developed over long periods of time - more gradual symptoms (i.e. masses etc) Acute processes (i.e. intraventricular bleed) can cause acute obstruction with rapid mental status decline
What is the earliest radiographic finding of non communicating hydrocephalus?
Dilatation of temporal horns of the lateral ventricles
Radiographic findings of non communicating hydrocephalus
First dilatation of temporal horns
Third ventricle becomes ballooned
Lateral ventricle will increase in size
Peripheral sulci effaced
An evans ratio greater than or equal to 0.3 defines what?
Ventriculomegaly
Treatment of acute hydrocephalus
Urgent or emergency placement of extra ventricular drain (EVD)
How does an EVD work?
Catheter passed through the patient’s scalp and skull into the lateral ventricle, that drains CSF to a collecting system kept at the patients bedside
Treatment of communicating hydrocephalus
Shunt placement
Types of shunt used to treat communicating hydrocephalus
Ventriculo-peritoneal
Lumbar peritoneal
Ventricular atrio
What is the most common type of shunt used in communicating hydrocephalus?
Ventriculo-peritoneal shunt
Treatment of non communicating hydrocephalus
Removing obstructive lesion
+/- Shunt
Possibly a third ventriculostomy
How does a third ventriculostomy work?
Often performed in conjunction with BP shunt placement
Hole is opened surgically in the floor of the third ventricle so CSF flows out into the interpeduncular cistern and pre-pontine space (bypasses cerebral aqueduct)
Causes of VP shunt failure
Mechanical failure from occlusion/disconnection Migration Overdrainage/underdrainage Infection Skin erosion
What % of shunts fail 5 years after placement?
50%
What % of shunts can fail in the first year?
40%
What does NPH stand for?
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
What is NPH a rare preventable cause of?
Dementia
Classic triad of NPH
Wet, wobbly and wacky
Presentation of NPH
Urinary incontinence Gait disturbance - wide stance - short, shuffling steps Quickly progressive dementia
What is usually the first symptom to present of NPH?
Gait disturbance
Investigations of NPH
CT/MRI
LP
- normal opening pressure
What do symptoms of NPH improve with?
CSF removal
Treatment of NPH
VP shunt placement
Prognosis of NPH
Outcome improved if symptoms been present for shorter period of time
What is the least likely symptom of NPH to improve with shunting?
Dementia
What position should the patient be in for LP?
Lateral decubitus position
What level does the spinal cord end?
L1-L2
What level are LPs done at?
L3-L4 or L4-L5
What position are infants held in for LP?
Seated position with maximal spinal flexion
Indications for LP; to obtain CSF for the diagnosis of…..
Meningitis (WCC) Meningoencephalitis (WCC) SAH (bilirubin) Malignancy Idiopathic intracranial HTN Other neurological syndromes Infusion (e.g. NPH studies) of drugs or contrast
Contraindications for LP
Unstable patient with CVS or Resp system instability
Localized skin/soft tissue infection over puncture site
Evidence of unstable bleeding disorder
Platelets < 50,000 or clotting factor deficiency
For bleeding diathesis
Increased intracranial pressure
Caution in patients with chiari malformations
Complications of LP
Headache Apnea Back pain Bleeding or fluid leak around the spinal cord Infection Pain Haematoma Ocular muscle palsy (transient) Nerve trauma Brainstem herniation Subarachnoid epidermal cyst
Who is headache after LP uncommon in?
< 10 y/o
What is the most common complication of LP?
Spinal headache
Risk factors for spinal headache post LP
Female Age 18-30 Lower BMI History of Headache Prior spinal headache
Features of spinal headache post LP
Bilateral
Improves when supine
Treatment of spinal headache post LP
Supine position for at least 2 hours
Hydration
Caffeine either PO or IV
Epidural blood patch
Prevention of spinal headache
Passing needle bevel parallel to longitudinal fibres of the dura
Replacing stylet before removing needle
Using smaller diameter needes
Using atraumatic needles
Presentation of nerve root trauma/irritation
Electric shocks
Dysesthesias
Back pain persistent for months
If cause nerve root irritation during LP, what should be done?
Withdraw needle immediately
If pain or motor weakness persists, start corticosteriods
What should be scheduled if nerve root pain continues after trauma?
Electromyogram/nerve conduction velocity studies
What does brain herniation manifest as?
Altered mental status
Followed by cranial nerve abnormalities
Cushings triad
May be rapidly fatal
Treatment of brain herniation due to LP
Immediately remove the needle and raise the head of the bed to 30 - 45 degrees to improve venous return from the brain
Mannitol or 3% saline
Intubate patient and ventilate
Emergency neurosurgical consult
When does an epidual inclusion cyst occur?
Occurs when a core of skin is driven into spinal or paraspinal space with a hollow needle
Rare due to use of stylet
What does CSF look like?
Clear
Colourless
Opening pressure of CSF
6 - 16 MM/H20
Protein level of CSF
35%
Glucose level of CSF
60%
WCC of CSF
< 5
Who is idiopathic intracranial HTN often seen in?
Young, overweight females
Risk factors for idiopathic intracranial HTN
Obesity
Female
Pregnancy
Drugs - OCP, sterioids, tetracycline, vit A, lithium
Presentation of idiopathic intracranial HTN
Headache Blurred vision Papilloedema Enlarged blind spot Sixth nerve palsy may be present
Treatment of idiopathic intracranial HTN
Weight loss Diuretics Topiramate Repeated LP Surgery - to prevent optic nerve damage (decompression of optic nerve and fenestration) and can also insert a shunt
What is normal pressure hydrocephalus a reversible cause of in the elderly?
Dementia
What is normal pressure hydrocephalus secondary to? What else could it be secondary to?
Reduced CSF absorption at the arachnoidal villi - most common
Head injury
SAH
Meningitis
Classic triad of normal pressure hydrocephalus
- Urinary incontinence
- Dementia and bradyphrenia
- Gait abnormality (may be similar to PD)
Definition of bradyphrenia
Slowness of thought
How long a time period do the symptoms of hydrocephalus develop over?
Months
Investigations for normal pressure hydrocephalus
Imaging
- enlarged 4th ventricle
- ventriculomegaly
- absence of substantial sulcal atrophy
Management of normal pressure hydrocephalus
Ventriculoperitoneal shunting
What % of patients with shunts experience significant complications and what are these complications?
10%
Seizures
Infection
ICH
What is syringomyelia?
A collection of CSF within the spinal cord
Causes of syringomyelia
Chiari malformation (STRONG association)
Trauma
Tumours
Idiopathic
Presentation of syringomyelia
Neck and arms loss of sensation to temp but preservation of light touch, proprioception and vibration
Spastic weakness (predominantly of upper limbs)
Paraesthesia
Neuropathic pain
Upgoing plantars
Bowel and bladder dysfunction
What may occur over years if syringomyelia is not treated?
Scoliosis Horners syndrome (rare)
Investigations of syringomyelia
Full spine MRI (to exclude tumours or tethered cord) Brain MRI (chiari malformation)
Treatment of syringomyelia
Treat cause
If symptomatic or persistent - a shunt can be placed into it
Treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Acetazolamide
What does an isolated result of high protein in the CSF indicate?
Guillian barre syndrome
Types of cerebral oedema
Vasogenic
Cytotoxic
Interstitial
Pathology of vasogenic cerebral oedema
Increased capillary permeability
Causes of vasogenic cerebral oedema
Trauma
Tumour
Ischaemia
Infarction
Causes of cytotoxic cerebral oedema
Hypoxia
Causes of interstitial cerebral oedema
Obstructive hydrocephalus
Hyponatraemia