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Certifications > CSEP-CEP > Flashcards

CSEP-CEP Flashcards

0
Q

What is Myocardial Infarction (MI)

A

Complete obstruction of blood flow to cardiomyocytes, leading to cardiomyocyte death

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1
Q

S.O.A.P stands for…

A 
Obtaining...
Subjective data
Objective data
Assessment
Plan
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2
Q

How does coronary atherosclerosis disease (CAD) start to occur?

A

Endothelial dysfunction, leading to inflammation/lesions, later attracting macrophages and LDL, which is then solidified by calcium, blood-clotting factors, and fibrous connective tissue - ending with blood flow obstruction

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3
Q

Ischemia

A

Decreased blood flow to the particular tissue/cells due to obstruction

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4
Q

How are MIs assessed on an ECG?

A

ST-segment elevation, and T-wave inversion

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5
Q

How do MI occurrence affect ECG after the event?

A

Pronounced Q-wave disappearance (depending on magnitude and time)

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6
Q

How do MI affect exercise capacity in the long-term?

A

Decreased capacity with lower cardiac output (medication too, affects capacity)

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7
Q

What are B-blockers’ primary effects?

A

Decrease heart rate response to exercise (blocks interaction with adrenaline/epinephrine and noradrenalin/norepinephrine)

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8
Q

What are the exercise-related side-effects of non-selective B-blockers?

A

Inhibition of B2-adrenoceptors (with primary goal being B1), which inhibit glycogenolysis and leading to lower exercise capacity

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9
Q

What should you be aware of with people using vasodilators, ACE/angiotensin inhibitors?

A

Adequate cool-down to prevent a hypotension episode post-exercise bout

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10
Q

How could diuretics affect a test result?

A

Potential hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia may be present, leading to mis-representation of heart function

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11
Q

How could central nervous system drugs affect exercise bouts?

A

By affecting both heart response and blood pressure, possible hypotension, dizziness, and loss of consciousness/fainting (syncope) may occur and require careful monitoring

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12
Q

False positive results vs false negative results

A

1) incorrect test result because it states a condition/finding that is not present
2) incorrect test result because it fails to state a condition/finding that is present

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13
Q

When would exercise training prescription be modified when using drugs?

A

When drugs affect heart rate response to exercise, training intensity should reflect the test result using the same drug dose at the same time of day and training be at same time as well

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14
Q

What is revascularization?

A

It is the method to bringing relief and longevity to those who experience angina/ischemic events by bypassing the stenosis/blockade (I.e via electric mesh)

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15
Q

What is angina?

A

It is the restriction of blood flow to cardiomyocytes due to plaque, which, at times, lead to uncomfortable feelings/pain during efforts

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16
Q

What is silent ischemia?

A

Same as angina in physiological terms, but is asymptomatic

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17
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

The non-rhythmic contraction of the atria, which leads to irregular ventricular depolarization

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18
Q

How would atrial fibrillation affect exercise capacity?

A

It would decrease capacity due to too high of heart rate for optimal stroke volume to occur, resulting in lowered cardiac output - it may also increase general fatigue due to the higher heart rate on average (heart requiring more)

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19
Q

What types of devices are used to correct for those with a history of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias?

A

Pacemaker devices and implantable cardioverter defibrillators

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20
Q

What is chronotropic incompetence?

A

Inability to increase HR during exercise, which is defined by failing to achieve 85% age-predicted HRmax during a maximal test

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21
Q

What is symptomatic bradycardia?

A

An unusually low heart rate with symptoms such as light-headed ness, fatigue/weakness, weak pulse, and syncope

22
Q

What are Rate-adaptive pacemakers?

A

Pacemakers that regulate the heart rate based on activity (either via chemical, mechanical, or physiological sensors)

23
Q

What is pacemaker syndrome?

A

Symptoms that are a result of, and due to errors of, pacemakers (I.e fatigue, syncope, shortness of breath, hypotension, etc)

24
Q

What are implantable cardioverter defribillators?

A

Devices that sense brady- and/or tachycardia (based on activity/range put into the device) and sends a shock to correct this irregularity

25
Q

In valvular heart disease, what is meant by ____ prolapse, ____ stenosis, and ____ regurgitation?

A

Prolapse: valve is being misplaced during heart contractions
Stenosis: valve is narrowed compared to the norm
Regurgitation: valve can’t prevent the back-flow of the pumped blood

26
Q

How do the types of valvular heart disease affect exercise?

A

It mostly depends on the severity/age of the disease because, if it’s not, there wouldn’t be too much of an effect; however, if somewhat severe, a wide range of limitations can occur (regurgitation, tachycardia, reduced CO, hypotension, etc

27
Q

What is chronic heart failure?

A

Dysfunction of either systolic or diastolic contraction leading to sub-optimal cardiac capabilities

28
Q

What are aneurysms?

A

Bulging of a blood vessel that may end in being ruptured. Somewhat asymptomatic until rupture occurs, unless the bulge is pressing against nerves (I.e cranial)

29
Q

How might one with asthma suppress the asthmatic event during exercise?

A

Provide adequate warmup (desensitization to catecholamines)

30
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

Loss of “flexibility” of the lungs (fibrosis) due to long-term infection/inflammation

31
Q

What is hyperlipidemia?

A

High concentration of triglycerides/VLDL and cholesterol in general

32
Q

What is hypertriglyceridemia?

A

High concentration of triglycerides/VLDL

33
Q

What is considered as high LDL?

A

> 160mg/dl

34
Q

What is considered low HDL?

A

<40mg/dl

35
Q

What is considered as high triglyceride levels?

A

> 200mg/dl

36
Q

What value is considered as having impaired fasting glucose? What is the normal value?

A

125mg/dl or higher; <100mg/dl

37
Q

What value is considered as having impaired glucose tolerance on an oral glucose tolerance test?

A

140mg/dl < x < 200mg/dl two hours after ingestion

38
Q

What dimensions of self-esteem exist?

A

Intellectual, physical, social, emotional

39
Q

What is unconditional acceptance? Conditional acceptance?

A

Accepting oneself or others without any set “requirement” to obtain this acceptance.
“Requirements” are to be met by standards of action and/or attributes to be accepted.

40
Q

How can conditional acceptance be used positively? Negatively?

A

Positive: behaviors, accomplishments, etc
Negative: personal characteristics that can’t be changed (I.e pelvic width, height, personality)

41
Q

What’s the difference between beliefs and attitudes?

A

Although inter-connected, beliefs are how things are (or outcomes of certain actions), while attitudes are the feelings about things (like one’s beliefs)

42
Q

How should goals be set to be deemed as an optimal plan?

A

Goals should be meaningful to the person, realistic (both in timeframe and requirement), specific, and progressive

43
Q

What are the most important “C’s” for activity enjoyment?

A

Competence, challenge, and choice/control of activities (to an extent IMO)

44
Q

What are the stages of change?

A

Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance

45
Q

What’s the average resting cardiac output during rest? During exercise?

A

5 L/min

25-30 L/min

46
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Distribution of an organ/tissue do to a filling of air or other gas

47
Q

What is a first-class lever?

A

A lever where the muscle force and resistive force act on opposite sides of a fulcrum (I.e tricep extension exercise)

48
Q

What is a second-class lever?

A

A lever where both forces (resistive and muscle) act on the same side of the fulcrum, but the muscle force has a greater moment arm (I.e calf raise exercise)

49
Q

What is a third-class lever?

A

A lever where both forces (resistive and muscle) act on the same side of a fulcrum, but the muscle force now has a shorter moment arm than the resistive force (I.e bicep curl)

50
Q

What is the equation for stroke volume? Cardiac output?

A 
SV = CO*HR
CO = (EDV-ESV)
51
Q

What is the Fick (VO2) equation?

A 
VO2 = CO*a-vO2difference
VO2 = (SV*HR)*a-vO2diffetence
52
Q

What is heart rate reserve? How would you calculate training intensity using HRR?

A

HRR = HRmax - HRrest
HRR = (220-age) - HRrest
————-
%HRR = (HRR*intensity%) + HRrest

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