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CSD Final > CSD-final > Flashcards

CSD-final Flashcards

1
Q

incidence

A

New people identified
2-6 year range
Higher in preschool

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2
Q

Prevalence

A

Living with stutters
Cut off at 3 years
People recover

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3
Q

Persistent stuttering

A

Boys at higher risk
Start to stutter at 3.5 years

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4
Q

Typical disfluencies

A

Whole word repetitions
Interjections (umms)
Syllable repetition

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5
Q

what do stuttering like disfluencies do?

A

Affect rate and rhythm
Physical tension
Negative reactions
Avoidance of sounds

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6
Q

what are core behaviors?

A

Single syllables/ sound (b-b-b)
Whole word- but,but,but
Sound prolongations (ffffffine)
Blocks- can’t initiate sounds

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7
Q

Secondary Behaviors

A

Coughing
Tension, eye blinking
Escape- to stop stuttering
Avoid sounds or words that trigger stutter

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8
Q

2-3 AGE

A

Beginning
Sound and syllable repetition
Starts at beginning of sentences and phrases

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9
Q

6-13

A

Fear and avoidance appear
Stuttering to specific situations
Blocks more common

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10
Q

4-6

A

Stutter through entire sentence
Secondary behavior appear
Blocks appear

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11
Q

14+

A

Fearful anticipation of stuttering
Longer, tense blocks
Repetimos occur more rapidly

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12
Q

Psychogenetic theories

A

Debunked
Caused by psychological trauma
Neurotic symptoms

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13
Q

Learning theory

A

Learned response to condition external to individual

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14
Q

Diagnostic theory

A

Forcing orphans to stutter
Parents negative reaction to stuttering of child making them stutter more

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15
Q

Biological theories

A

Gray and white matter- larger corpus callosum
Atypical hemisphere asymmetry- larger Broca’s area in right hemisphere
Speech motor control- problem with speech motor planning

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16
Q

Dysphonia

A

Voice disorder

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17
Q

Aphonia

A

No voice

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18
Q

Diagnosis of voice disorders

A

Listening to voice
Examination of vocal cords
Measurements of voice parameters

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19
Q

Phonotrauma

A

Organic voice disorders
Overuse or misuse of voice

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20
Q

Abusive behaviors

A

Caffeine, alcohol, smoking
Yelling,

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21
Q

Vocal Nodules

A

Small, bilateral growth on inner edges of vocal cords
In pairs
Small mass-> develop into callous like texture
Cause breathiness

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22
Q

Vocal Polyps

A

Fluid filled lesions that develop when blood vessels rupture and swell
One side
Cause diplophonia- 2 pitches

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23
Q

Contact Ulcers

A

Swelling on the back of the vocal cords

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24
Q

Granuloma

A

Associated with acid reflex
Mass of tissue that grows over the top of ulcer when it starts to heal

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25
Q

Muscle tension dysphonia

A

Tension of muscles in the neck/ head area
Found more in females than males
Strain voice

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26
Q

Puberphonia

A

Male who exhibits unusual high voice
Juvenile VD- women with child like voice

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27
Q

Unilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis

A

Only on one side
Injury to one side of larynx due to trauma
Vocal cord becomes shorten when paralyzed
Won’t make contact with other side
Weak and breathy voice quality
Vocal cord vibrates

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28
Q

Spasmodic Dysphonia

A

Rare
Irregular voice spasms

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29
Q

Laryngeal cancer

A

More common on men
Hoarse voice
Removal of larynx if worse

30
Q

Craneofacial disorders

A

Deviation from normal structure, form, or function in head and neck area

31
Q

Embryological development- FACE

A

5-8 weeks of gestation
Brains forms in week 3
2 mandibular process
1 frontal-nasal
2 maxillary process

32
Q

Hard and soft palate

A

Fusion in week 8-12
Development of secondary secondary palate
Bony hard palate and velum- join together from front to back

33
Q

Cleft lip

A

If the frontonasal and the maxillary processes don’t fuse
Unilateral or bilateral (one or both sides of lip)
Partial- lip and nostril
Complete- more than lip, affects speech

34
Q

Cleft palate

A

Problem with development of palatal shelves or mandible
Partial- affects soft palate
Complete- no fusion

35
Q

Velopharyngeal insuffiency

A

Not able to close velopharyngeal port
Hypernasality

36
Q

Nasal emission

A

Extra air coming out of where it shouldn’t be
Obligatory errors- required due to lack of VP closure
Compensatory errors- altered articulations due to lack of VP closure

37
Q

Deglutition

A

Stages involves in the swallowing process

38
Q

Oral Preparatory

A

Preparing the food or liquid to be swallowed

39
Q

Oral transport

A

Move bolus to back of oral cavity to propel down throat
Bolus pressed against hard palate
VP port closes

40
Q

Pharangeal

A

Bolus down throat to entrence of esophagus

41
Q

Pharyngeal

A

VP closes so nothing goes into nasal
Also the Laryngeal
Muscles squeeze Bolus into the esophagus

42
Q

Esophagus

A

Move Bolus through esophagus into stomach

43
Q

Swallowing AGE

A

Utero- fluid
Birth- sucking
6m- sucking thinker liquid
9m- soft food
2-3y- regular foods
60y- swallowing slows down

44
Q

what can cause swallowing disorders

A

Stroke, brain injury
Head and neck cancer
Neurodegenerative (Parkinson’s disease

45
Q

Videofluoroscopy

A
  • modified barium swallow
    X- ray technique
46
Q

FEES- flexible endoscopy

A

Camera inserted through nose

47
Q

Ultrasound

A

Below chin

48
Q

Sound

A

Compressions and rarefactions

49
Q

Sine wave

A

Frequency

50
Q

Pitch

A

Pitch increase as frequency increases

51
Q

One Hertz

A

One cycle per second

52
Q

A periodic and periodic waveform

A

Aperiodic- noise, pulse, ( continuous)
Periodic- simple, complex

53
Q

Anatomy of ear

A

Outer and middle ear- conductive
Inner ear- sensorineural

54
Q

Hearing

A

Translating energy that goes into ear that makes bone to vibrate

55
Q

Outer ear

A

Pinna- outer ear of ear, collects sound, direct sound into cochlea
Ear Canal- small opening inside pinna, some parts cartilage, other bone, protect eardrum
Eardrum- boundary between outer and middle ear

56
Q

Middle ear

A

Air filled cavity surrounded by small bones
Malleus- attached to ear drum
Incus- join the malleus bone to the stapes
Stapes- final ossicle, attached to the cochlea

57
Q

Tympanic muscles

A

Small muscles attached to the ossicles
Tensor- attached to malleus and pulls on malleus
Stapedius- attaches to neck of stapes,
Automatic reflex- protects inner ear and cochlea fro, loud noises

58
Q

Auditory tube (eustachian)

A

Bony tube opening near bottom of middle ear cavity
Maintains middle ear pressure at normal levels

59
Q

Inner ear

A

Semicircular canals- superior( Vertical), lateral( horizontal), posterior, sends signals to brain to tell where head is at
Vestibule- entryway to cochlea, detects how much movements
Cochlea- organ of hearing, spiral cavity filled with fluid, vibrations move fluid

60
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

Shorter at one end, wider to other
Recognizes pitches
Cochlea uncoils when deformed by fluid .

61
Q

Organ of corti

A

Basilar membrane at the roof
Tectorial membrane- bottom

62
Q

Audiology

A

Individuals with auditory and vesticular problems

63
Q

Otoscopy

A

Inspection of pinna, ear canal, tympanic membrane

64
Q

Tympanometry

A

Measure functions and movement of eardrum and middle ear
Manipulate vibrations
Tympanogram- diagram of middle ear

65
Q

Pure tone audiometry

A

Find lowest intensity across frequency range that person can hear

66
Q

Speech audiometry

A

How well a person can hear and understand speech

67
Q

Hearing loss

A

Conductive- sound is not conducted properly through outer and middle ear
Sensorineural- most common on adults, damage to outer or inner hair cells of cochlea
Mixed- combo of permanent reduction and temporary hearing loss

68
Q

BTE

A

Behind the ear
Amplified sound sent through ear hook
Severe to profound hearing loss

69
Q

Custom hearing aid

A

In the ear- fills concha and part of ear canal
In the canal- into ear canal and quarter of concha, less severe hearing loss
Completely in the canal- people with mild hearing loss

70
Q

Implants

A

Bone anchored- implanted in mastoid area behind ear, vibration of bone structures, conductive or mixed hearing loss, attached to skull allowing sound to be transferred to cochlea
Middle ear- coupled to ossicles and bypasses ear canal, better background noise hearing
Cochlear- severe to profound hearing loss, bypasses middle ear and most of cochlea and electronically stimulates auditory nerve

CSD Final (1 decks)

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