CSD-final Flashcards
incidence
New people identified
2-6 year range
Higher in preschool
Prevalence
Living with stutters
Cut off at 3 years
People recover
Persistent stuttering
Boys at higher risk
Start to stutter at 3.5 years
Typical disfluencies
Whole word repetitions
Interjections (umms)
Syllable repetition
what do stuttering like disfluencies do?
Affect rate and rhythm
Physical tension
Negative reactions
Avoidance of sounds
what are core behaviors?
Single syllables/ sound (b-b-b)
Whole word- but,but,but
Sound prolongations (ffffffine)
Blocks- can’t initiate sounds
Secondary Behaviors
Coughing
Tension, eye blinking
Escape- to stop stuttering
Avoid sounds or words that trigger stutter
2-3 AGE
Beginning
Sound and syllable repetition
Starts at beginning of sentences and phrases
6-13
Fear and avoidance appear
Stuttering to specific situations
Blocks more common
4-6
Stutter through entire sentence
Secondary behavior appear
Blocks appear
14+
Fearful anticipation of stuttering
Longer, tense blocks
Repetimos occur more rapidly
Psychogenetic theories
Debunked
Caused by psychological trauma
Neurotic symptoms
Learning theory
Learned response to condition external to individual
Diagnostic theory
Forcing orphans to stutter
Parents negative reaction to stuttering of child making them stutter more
Biological theories
Gray and white matter- larger corpus callosum
Atypical hemisphere asymmetry- larger Broca’s area in right hemisphere
Speech motor control- problem with speech motor planning
Dysphonia
Voice disorder
Aphonia
No voice
Diagnosis of voice disorders
Listening to voice
Examination of vocal cords
Measurements of voice parameters
Phonotrauma
Organic voice disorders
Overuse or misuse of voice
Abusive behaviors
Caffeine, alcohol, smoking
Yelling,
Vocal Nodules
Small, bilateral growth on inner edges of vocal cords
In pairs
Small mass-> develop into callous like texture
Cause breathiness
Vocal Polyps
Fluid filled lesions that develop when blood vessels rupture and swell
One side
Cause diplophonia- 2 pitches
Contact Ulcers
Swelling on the back of the vocal cords
Granuloma
Associated with acid reflex
Mass of tissue that grows over the top of ulcer when it starts to heal
Muscle tension dysphonia
Tension of muscles in the neck/ head area
Found more in females than males
Strain voice
Puberphonia
Male who exhibits unusual high voice
Juvenile VD- women with child like voice
Unilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis
Only on one side
Injury to one side of larynx due to trauma
Vocal cord becomes shorten when paralyzed
Won’t make contact with other side
Weak and breathy voice quality
Vocal cord vibrates
Spasmodic Dysphonia
Rare
Irregular voice spasms
Laryngeal cancer
More common on men
Hoarse voice
Removal of larynx if worse
Craneofacial disorders
Deviation from normal structure, form, or function in head and neck area
Embryological development- FACE
5-8 weeks of gestation
Brains forms in week 3
2 mandibular process
1 frontal-nasal
2 maxillary process
Hard and soft palate
Fusion in week 8-12
Development of secondary secondary palate
Bony hard palate and velum- join together from front to back
Cleft lip
If the frontonasal and the maxillary processes don’t fuse
Unilateral or bilateral (one or both sides of lip)
Partial- lip and nostril
Complete- more than lip, affects speech
Cleft palate
Problem with development of palatal shelves or mandible
Partial- affects soft palate
Complete- no fusion
Velopharyngeal insuffiency
Not able to close velopharyngeal port
Hypernasality
Nasal emission
Extra air coming out of where it shouldn’t be
Obligatory errors- required due to lack of VP closure
Compensatory errors- altered articulations due to lack of VP closure
Deglutition
Stages involves in the swallowing process
Oral Preparatory
Preparing the food or liquid to be swallowed
Oral transport
Move bolus to back of oral cavity to propel down throat
Bolus pressed against hard palate
VP port closes
Pharangeal
Bolus down throat to entrence of esophagus
Pharyngeal
VP closes so nothing goes into nasal
Also the Laryngeal
Muscles squeeze Bolus into the esophagus
Esophagus
Move Bolus through esophagus into stomach
Swallowing AGE
Utero- fluid
Birth- sucking
6m- sucking thinker liquid
9m- soft food
2-3y- regular foods
60y- swallowing slows down
what can cause swallowing disorders
Stroke, brain injury
Head and neck cancer
Neurodegenerative (Parkinson’s disease
Videofluoroscopy
- modified barium swallow
X- ray technique
FEES- flexible endoscopy
Camera inserted through nose
Ultrasound
Below chin
Sound
Compressions and rarefactions
Sine wave
Frequency
Pitch
Pitch increase as frequency increases
One Hertz
One cycle per second
A periodic and periodic waveform
Aperiodic- noise, pulse, ( continuous)
Periodic- simple, complex
Anatomy of ear
Outer and middle ear- conductive
Inner ear- sensorineural
Hearing
Translating energy that goes into ear that makes bone to vibrate
Outer ear
Pinna- outer ear of ear, collects sound, direct sound into cochlea
Ear Canal- small opening inside pinna, some parts cartilage, other bone, protect eardrum
Eardrum- boundary between outer and middle ear
Middle ear
Air filled cavity surrounded by small bones
Malleus- attached to ear drum
Incus- join the malleus bone to the stapes
Stapes- final ossicle, attached to the cochlea
Tympanic muscles
Small muscles attached to the ossicles
Tensor- attached to malleus and pulls on malleus
Stapedius- attaches to neck of stapes,
Automatic reflex- protects inner ear and cochlea fro, loud noises
Auditory tube (eustachian)
Bony tube opening near bottom of middle ear cavity
Maintains middle ear pressure at normal levels
Inner ear
Semicircular canals- superior( Vertical), lateral( horizontal), posterior, sends signals to brain to tell where head is at
Vestibule- entryway to cochlea, detects how much movements
Cochlea- organ of hearing, spiral cavity filled with fluid, vibrations move fluid
Basilar Membrane
Shorter at one end, wider to other
Recognizes pitches
Cochlea uncoils when deformed by fluid .
Organ of corti
Basilar membrane at the roof
Tectorial membrane- bottom
Audiology
Individuals with auditory and vesticular problems
Otoscopy
Inspection of pinna, ear canal, tympanic membrane
Tympanometry
Measure functions and movement of eardrum and middle ear
Manipulate vibrations
Tympanogram- diagram of middle ear
Pure tone audiometry
Find lowest intensity across frequency range that person can hear
Speech audiometry
How well a person can hear and understand speech
Hearing loss
Conductive- sound is not conducted properly through outer and middle ear
Sensorineural- most common on adults, damage to outer or inner hair cells of cochlea
Mixed- combo of permanent reduction and temporary hearing loss
BTE
Behind the ear
Amplified sound sent through ear hook
Severe to profound hearing loss
Custom hearing aid
In the ear- fills concha and part of ear canal
In the canal- into ear canal and quarter of concha, less severe hearing loss
Completely in the canal- people with mild hearing loss
Implants
Bone anchored- implanted in mastoid area behind ear, vibration of bone structures, conductive or mixed hearing loss, attached to skull allowing sound to be transferred to cochlea
Middle ear- coupled to ossicles and bypasses ear canal, better background noise hearing
Cochlear- severe to profound hearing loss, bypasses middle ear and most of cochlea and electronically stimulates auditory nerve
