csd exam 2 Flashcards
articulation disorder
inability to correctly produce speech sounds (phonemes) because of imprecise placement, timing, pressure, speed or flow of movement of the lips, tongue or throat.
phonological disorder
problem applying the rules of the sound system of the language. Ex. Child says “ba” for “bat” (final consonant deletion)
voice disorder
change in voice quality fold movement is quasi periodic. Types include erythematous (redness/inflammation of folds), aphonia (voice is absent completely) and dysphonia (distorted voice). Causes include increased muscle activity- hyper function, decrease muscle activity- hypo function, reduction in tissue- atrophy, muscle dysfunction- myopathy and psychological disorders
fluency
Speech that is easy, rhythmical and evenly flowing
language disorder
Difficulty with the reception (comprehension) and/or expression of language
language disability
communication disorder interfering with learning, understanding and using language.
manner
producing blockages at different ways in the oral cavity
place
producing blockages at different places in the oral cavity: bilabial (upper and lower lips in contact-p), labiodental (upper teeth in contact with lower lip-f), dental (tongue tip in contact with back of upper teeth-th)
voicing
vibration occurs, vowels are voiced
what is cleft palate/lip
It is the most frequent birth defect, 1 out of every 750 European American births, half as often in African American births, twice as often in Asian American births.
what % have only lip cleft
25%
what % have only cleft palate
25%
what % has both lip and palate cleft
50%
when do clefts form
Clefts form during the 5th through 12th weeks through the fusion of tissues from top and sides. Insults to the fetus during this time interrupts normal development including: genetic disorders (clefting is associated with 400+ genetic anomaly syndromes including Pierre robin syndrome, treacher Collins syndrome, velocardiofacial syndrome and Alpert syndrome), teratogenically induced (environmental factors, drugs, ingestion of alcohol, nicotine and caffeine, xrays, certain viruses), mechanically induced (factors that impinge directly on the fetus (amniotic rupture, intrauterine crowding, uterine tumors).
how to treat cleft
cleft palate team- transdisciplinary approach is best, team must have SLP, surgeon and dentist and other additional members. Surgical management- surgical repair of lip occurs during first 3 months of life, palate around 12 months. Cheiloplasty= lip surgery, cosmetic only, cleft lip alone does not impair speech. Palatoplasty= palate surgery, 80-90% will have adequate velopharyngeal closure, 10-20% will need secondary management. Prosthetic management: used for non-surgical candidates, speech bulb or pharyngeal extension appliance, used in patients with short soft palate or deep nasopharynx, similar to a retainer, acrylic material fills the velopharyngeal area. Palatal lift, used in patients w/ inadequate muscle control, lifts the weak velum and closes off the velopharyngeal area.
- What is a submucous cleft palate and its characteristics?
Submucous cleft palate is a cleft that forms later in fetal development. Intact mucous membrane separating the oral and nasal cavities, but bones don’t fuse. Three defining characteristics: notch in the hard palate (not visible), abnormal orientation of soft palate musculature, bifid uvula. Occult cleft- abnormality in musculature only
stuttering
stuttering is an unusual # of repetitions, prolongations and blocks, disfluency is combined with excessive physical and mental effort to resume talking, stutterers have negative perceptions of their communication abilities and may develop low self-esteem. Secondary stuttering behaviors include counterproductive adaptations, physical movement to get through it such as eye movements, pursed lips, changed words, secondary behaviors become less successful and more intrusive with time. Treatment options include stuttering modification therapy, fluency shaping therapy, music and stuttering therapy.
browns 3 criteria for language
- productivity
- semanticity
- displacement
browns productivity
“generative”, can be used in novel ways, say sentences never said before
browns semanticity
express ideas/concepts, words stand for something specific
browns displacement
can talk about things not in time/space physically
dialect
Variation of a language that is understood by all speakers of a language. Consider English, it can be expressed as minor differences in prosody (intonation), phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics
receptive language
understanding and comprehension. Ex: listening, reading a book, watching a person sign
expressive language
producing language to send a message. Ex: talking, writing, signing.
What will you see in a psychogenic case of a voice disorder?
Psychogenic causes conversion aphonia/dysphonia, aphonia/dysphonia present without evident pathology, patient can still gargle, cough, or laugh
domains of language
morphology, phonology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics MPSSP
morphology
internal organization of words, small units of meaning
i. Morphemes: smallest unit of language that carries meaning, free morphemes can stand alone as a word and bound morphemes change the meaning of words by adding their own meaning, but can only be used as attachments to free morphemes
phonology
rules governing the sound system of the language
syntax
rules by which sentences are made; organizing word order, word combinations “grammar”. Acceptable sequence of words to form sentences. Looks at language units larger than a word.
semantics
meaning of language; linguistic representation of objects, ideas, feelings, and events; also the relations between these phenomena.
pragmatics
rules for language in social context or conversation. Deciding what to say to whom, how to say it, and when. NOT A FORM OF LANGUAGE.
when are all sounds mastered
7-8 yrs
when is the first word said
around 1 yr
what are the words on the top of the chart
place of articulation
what are the words down the left side
manner of articulation
what does a letter in the left side of the box mean
what type of speech disorder is aphasia
langauge
what type of speech disorder is dyslexia
neurologically based phonological processing disorder interfering with decoding
what are the etiology of speech disorders
perceptual, structural, motor, genetic
etiology perceptual
often deaf and blind can’t get sound in or see it making it harder to produce themselves.
etiology structural
something wrong with anatomy
etiology motor
muscles do not move properly
etiology genetic
syndromes downs
delay
seen in younger children, following process of learning just at a slower pace
disorder
errors are rarely seen in normal developing children (abnormal)
difference
speech
the oral expression of language. Mechanical aspects of planning and producing sounds for language. Speech cannot exist without language.
communication
an exchange of meaning between a sender and receiver.
language
is a socially shared code of conventional system for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rule-governed combinations of those symbols (doesn’t have to be spoken).
functional speech impairment
A subtype of functional neurologic disorder which can mimic organic speech disorders and manifest most often as dysphonia, stuttering or prosodic abnormalities.
artificial larynx
mechanical device used to create a spectrum of tones which are modulated by the articulators to produce intelligible speech
esophageal speech
air supply for phonations originates in the upper portion of the esophagus, air is released, and the walls of the esophagus are drawn into vibration (similar to air passing through the glottis), speech is low pitched and limited due to mass of esophagus, loudness variability is restricted due to limited volume of air
tracheoesophageal speech
air is routed from the lungs to the esophagus via a tracheoesophageal speech prosthesis, longer phrase length, greater pitch and loudness variability than esophageal speech, for those with a complete laryngectomy
nodules
“calluses” that develop on the vocal folds in response to trauma which adversely affects voice, hoarse voice, most common vocal fold abnormality, SLP’s responsibility is to help patient eliminate vocal abuse or misuse
polyps
hemorrhagic or serous (2 types), result from vocal abuse (one time occurrence vs. over time or nodules), unilateral
contact ulcers
appears as open sore, caused by excessive production of low pitch, frequent non-productive cough/throat clearing, GERD, intubation.
carcinoma
11,000 new cases per year, slowly form with smoking, synergistic relationship with alcohol, invades body of folds not just covering, may metastasize
spasmodic dysphonia
rare 1-2/10,000 in US, defect in the basal ganglia of the brain, causes dystonia (disordered muscle tonicity), treated with Botox
muscle tension dysphonia
MTD disordered voices that are due to inordinate tension in the laryngeal muscles, simultaneous contraction adductors/abductors, patient presents with a hoarse voice, Marge Simpson.
oral phenome
In oral phonemes, such as most consonants and vowels, the velum is raised, blocking the airflow through the nasal cavity, directing it instead through the oral cavity.
nasal phenome
In nasal phonemes, such as nasal consonants like m and n, found in languages like English, French and Portuguese, the velum is lowered, allowing air to flow through both the oral and nasal cavities simultaneously. This results in the sound being produced through the nose as well as the mouth.
difference between oral and nasal phenome
the action of the velum or soft palate
504
Covered by civil rights law applying to all students with qualifying disabilities; follows and informal process; parent involvement not mandated; schools do not receive additional federal funding for services to qualifying students
non-discrimination (civil rights) legislation
“No otherwise qualified individual with a disability in the US… shall solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance”
IEP
: individuals with disabilities education act IDEA. Comprehensive evaluation, determination of disability, committee on special education, individualized education plan, FAPE/LRE
Covered by education law, applying to students who qualify for special ed services in a core curriculum area; governed by strict procedures and timelines; parent involvement is mandated; schools receive additional funding for students receiving special ed services
morpheme
A morpheme is a meaningful morphological unit of language that cannot be further divided.
what is mean length of utterance
MLU: a test to measure expressive language ability within both clinical and research settings. Total number of morphemes/number of utterances- average number of morphemes in an utterance
prosody
Variations in rate, pitch, loudness, stress, intonation and rhythm of continuous speech
Example: I had fun this weekend
- What are things that can happen during second language acquisition?
Transfer/Interference: LI influences L2, can occur in all 5 areas of language, e.g. child whose L1 is French may say “book green”. Change cognition, arrival, how we think about language. Silent period: 3-6 month “silent period” when learning, thought to be result of development of comprehension of L2. Code switching: the situational shifting of speech and language patterns. Language loss: if L1 use decreases, second-language learner may lose skills in L1 as L2 skills develop. Child may appear to be low functioning in both languages, leads to misdiagnosis.
plosives
airflow is completely blocked and then abruptly released-p
fricatives
airflow is constricted so that air released with gradual hissing sound-f
affricates
airflow completely blocked and then gradually released with a hissing quality
liquids
sound produced with a gap between tongue and roof of mouth-l
glides
small amount of constriction between articulators- w
nasals
consonants produced with velum open allowing nasal resonance-n
