CSD Exam 1 Flashcards

Question

what is phonation?

Answer 1

air into oral or nasal cavities

Answer 2

air manipulated by the oral articulators-tongue, teeth, jaw

Answer 3

breath support, voice, articulation, fluency

Answer 4

Passive expiration is not enough to support speech  Active contraction of inspiratory and expiratory muscles creates a consistent airflow  10% inspiration, 90% expiration  Use several muscles and structures – diaphragm, abdominal muscles, ribs, muscles in between ribs etc .

Answer 5

``` Voice quality, volume, and pitch can affect speech  Quality: how breathy, hoarse, broken, or nasal a voice sounds  Volume: how loud or soft the voice sounds  Pitch: how high or low the voice sounds ```

Answer 6

``` Sounds must be produced accurately and consistently for effective speech  Try /s/ ```

Answer 7

Fluent speech is produced easily and smoothly, without hesitations, interjections, repetitions, or circumlocutions

Answer 8

SLP, Audiologist, Speech Language Hearing Science, 3 principles of evidence based practice.

Answer 9

They prevent and screen for communication disorders They assess for and diagnose communication disorders They treat and manage communication disorders They also advocate on behalf of people with communication disorders

Answer 10

Audiologists prevent, identify, and manage hearing and balance system dysfunction

Answer 11

``` Speech, language, and hearing scientists do research related to speech, language, hearing, and communication ```

Answer 12

language, speech, hearing

Answer 13

``` Language disorders can affect any domain (content, form, use)  Children or adults can have language disorders  Examples:  Children : SLI  Children: Intellectual disability with language disorders  Adults: Aphasia  Adults: TBI with resulting language disorders ```

Answer 14

``` Speech disorders can include difficulties with any of the components of normal speech production:  1. Articulation and phonological disorders  Distortions, substitutions, and omissions of speech sounds because of structural, articulatory, or perceptual problems .  2. Fluency disorders  Repetitions, prolongations, and blocks during speech 3. Voice disorders  Difficulties with voice production  4. Motor speech disorders  Distortions, substitutions, and omissions of speech sounds because of neurological problems ```

Answer 15

``` Hearing disorders affect auditory pathways from the ear to the brain  1. Conductive hearing loss:  Affects the outer or middle ear  2. Sensorineural hearing loss:  Affects the inner ear or the auditory nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain.  3. Auditory Processing disorders :  Affects the processing of speech sounds in the auditory center in the brain ```

Answer 16

``` Pediatric Feeding and swallowing disorders  Can be related to some developmental disorders  Cerebral palsy, cleft palate  Can be acquired through a TBI, etc.  Adult dysphagia  Can be because of a stroke , other neurological diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, head and neck cancer, etc. ```

Answer 17

``` Age of onset  Etiology  Progression  Severity ```

Answer 18

```  When the disorder starts  Congenital or developmental  Before, during, or shortly after birth  Cerebral palsy, childhood apraxia of speech, autism  Acquired  Occurs after a period of normal development  Traumatic brain injury, Aphasia, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) ```

Answer 19

``` The cause of a disorder  Organic disorders have neurological or physiological causes  Aphasia is caused by brain injury  Aphonia is caused by laryngectomies  Functional disorders have no known cause  Childhood language disorders  Autism ```

Answer 20

``` How a disorder changes over time  Progressive or degenerative disorders  Deteriorate over time  ALS, MS, Muscular dystrophy, Alzheimer’s disease  Non-progressive  Maintain over time  TBI, Down syndrome ```

Answer 21

``` Mild  Moderate  Severe  Profound ```

Answer 22

Disorder:  Significantly lower skills than others of the same cultural background, language community, and dialect community A communication difference is a variation between linguistic communities.  In Pittsburgh, speakers often omit linking verbs in sentences like, “The laundry needs washed.”  In African American English (AAE), speakers often omit verbs in sentences like "he tired" or substitute /f/ for “th” in words like "bath” and “birthday”  A communication disorder is a variation within a linguistic community.

Answer 23

Often Multidisciplinary  It may involve many professionals who bring diverse knowledge, skills, and experiences.  School example: special educator, classroom teacher, reading specialist, SLP  Rehab example: Physical therapy, Occupational Therapy, Nursing, SLP  Systematic  It follows certain procedures so that its outcome will be comprehensive, nonbiased, and valid.

Answer 24

``` Verify and characterize the communication disorder  Identify causes (etiology)  Propose plans to “treat”  Qualify the client/patient for services  Attempt to provide a prognosis Achieved through various means ```

Answer 25

``` I. Screening & referral  II. Designing & administering the assessment protocol  III. Interpreting assessment findings  IV. Developing an intervention plan  V. Monitoring progress and outcomes ```

Answer 26

``` S creening is the use of a test or task to conduct a quick check of performance in one area.  A hearing screening provides a quick and relatively inexpensive probe of a person’s hearing at key levels.  Passing  Failing ``` Referral is the process of requesting speech, language, and hearing services.  Referrals are made by parents or other caregivers, or by educational and health-care professionals.  These people may have completed an official screening, or may have just noticed a problem and then refer to the SLP or audiologist

Answer 27

``` Record review (Collect a case history)  Interview  Systematic observation  Questionnaire/survey  Formal tests  Instrumentation ```

Answer 28

``` Looking at any relevant records that will help professional in understanding the problem  Medical records  Educational records  Developmental information  Any previous therapy records ```

Answer 29

Collecting information from the family, caregivers, client, or other professionals  See example interview questions for a client on pg. 176  In our clinic, the interview is the first part of the face to face assessment process

Answer 30

``` Observing how a person uses communication for functional purposes in activities in home, work, and school environments.  Examples:  Observing a student within his/her classroom  Observing a preschooler interact with parents  Observing an adult communicating with ```

Answer 31

``` Questionnaires and surveys are formal mechanisms for gathering information from clients, their family members, and relevant professionals.  Self-rating scales  Parent/caregiver rating scales ```

Answer 32

``` Formal, commercial tests evaluate a person’s communicative skills in a standardized manner.  Questions are asked in a specific, uniform way each time the test is given to someone ```

Answer 33

``` Norm referenced tests are used to compare an individual’s performance in a specific area with that of his or her same-age peers Standardization  The test is given in the same uniform and scripted manner to everyone who takes it  Normative Sample  There is a group of individuals who were given the test, to see what the typical or average scores should be for that age.  Standard scores  This is an index that compares a person’s test performance with his or her normative peers  Can get percentile ranks, standard deviations, etc. . ```

Answer 34

``` Criterion referenced tests are used to determine an individual’s level of achievement or skill in a particular area .  Individuals are not compared to others; they just have to meet the criterion. ```

Answer 35

Validity – The extent to which we are measuring what we hope to measure 1. Face validity – whether on the face of it, it measures the concept it is supposed to measure. This is the most basic. 2. Content validity – whether measure represents all facets of a concept 3. Construct validity – the extent to which what it measures is related to other measures specified by theory or previous research 4. Predictive/Criterion related – This applies to instruments that we have been developed to predict performance

Answer 36

Reliability – Refers to ability of a test to yield consistent scores over repeated measures 1. Test-Retest – When the same test is administered in the same manner multiple times, do they obtain the same results 2. Inter item – multiple items used to measure a single concept should be associated with each other 3. Inter rater – different people get the same results while using the same test

Answer 37

Diagnosis  Clinician asks him/herself: Is there a communication problem?  Disorders are diagnosed when an area of communication is markedly different from what is observed in the typical population or from what is expected in the individual being assessed.  Differential diagnosis  Clinician asks him/herself: What exactly is the problem?  The process of systematically differentiating a disorder from other possible disorders.  Example: Is this problem difficulty in “finding words” (aphasia), or is it difficulty with the motor production of those words (dysarthria)  Severity  Clinician determines how severe the problem is (mild, moderate, severe, profound [very severe])

Answer 38

Identify treatment goals  Describe the length and frequency of treatment  Describe treatment contexts and activities  Goals depend on the disorder Professionals plan intervention based on what the assessment tells them about a person’s strengths and needs

Answer 39

is one that has been shown by scientists to have value for a certain population. an effective intervention is one that works.

Answer 40

is one that effects change relatively quickly compared to other treatment options.

Answer 41

is one that can be implemented with adherence. adherence is the implementation of an intervention by an individual in accordance with a professionals prescription; adherence is highly influential in treatment outcomes.

Answer 42

prevention, remediation and compensation

Answer 43

Prevents problems that might arise in the future  E.g. Construction company requires employees to wear ear protection

Answer 44

Slows progress or repairs the communication disorder  E.g. child with difficulty pronouncing sounds attends therapy to correct sound productions

Answer 45

Helps persons cope with a disorder that is not likely to improve  E.g. person with dysphagia eats a modified diet using safe strategies

Answer 46

is the targeted communication achievement,

Answer 47

functional, measurable, attainable

Answer 48

goals should directly improve clients life in some way

Answer 49

goals should link directly to some aspect of measurement so that progress toward goals can be documented

Answer 50

should be realistic and achievable for the client so that progress, however incremental, is possible

Answer 51

``` Assessment is an ongoing process  Why is this important?  Monitor progress to track client progress  Monitor progress to see if client activities/goals should be modified  Determine when a client is ready for discharge  Track outcomes  Demonstrate the value of our services  And more ```

Answer 52

the structures of the body

Answer 53

the study of the functions of the bodily structures

Answer 54

front/back

Answer 55

toward abdomen/ toward back

Answer 56

toward top/ toward bottom

Answer 57

toward the body/ away from the body

Answer 58

toward the midline/ toward the side

Answer 59

The nervous system includes the central and peripheral | nervous systems

Answer 60

```  Brain  Brainstem  Cerebellum  Cerebrum  Spinal cord ```

Answer 61

```  Cranial nerves  Spinal nerves  The Brain and Language ```

Answer 62

sits directly on top of the spinal cord and serves as a conduit between the rest of the brain and spinal cord. Consists primarily of nerve tracts that carry sensory info to the brain and motor information away from the brain. Controls visual auditory reflexes.

Answer 63

is an oval shaped little brain that sits posterior to the brain stem. Its primarily responsible for regulating motor and muscular activity.

Answer 64

is the part of the brain that governs the unique human qualities of thinking, problem solving, planning, creating and rationalizing. the cerebrum is the largest

Answer 65

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

Answer 66

is the largest lobe. it sits in the most anterior part of the brain behind the forehead. key functions are activating and controlling both fine and complex motor activities, including the control of speech output and controlling human executive functions.

Answer 67

``` Post central gyrus  Somatosensory Area: perceiving and integrating sensory and perceptual information  Comprehending oral and written language and mathematical calculations ```

Answer 68

``` Processing auditory information  Auditory cortex in L and R Heschl’s gyrus  L and R have different specializations  Language comprehension  L hemisphere – Wernicke’s area ```

Answer 69

Processing visual | information

Answer 70

an auditory cortex aka heschl's gyrus. primary center for auditory perception and sensation. located in the superior portion of the left temporal lobe. responsible for interpretation of all types of sounds, not just speech and language

Answer 71

``` Extends from brainstem  Located within the spinal column  Nerves of spinal cord synapse with the peripheral nervous system ```

Answer 72

“Nerve cells”  Brain contains 10 billion+ neurons highly specialized cells that make up the nervous system and carry its sensory and motor information.

Answer 73

away from the CNS Motor. Conveys impulses from higher to lower

Answer 74

toward the CNS. Sensory. Brings information to a higher structure

Answer 75

``` S sensory information and motor movement in head and neck  Important for vision, hearing, smell, and taste  Emerge from brainstem  12 pairs ```

Answer 76

S sensory information and motor movement for our bodies  Mediate reflexes and volitional sensory and motor activity  Emerge from spinal cord  Run to peripheral areas of the body, including arms and legs  31 pairs

Answer 77

bone, membranes, and cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 78

system of the human body that controls breathing

Answer 79

``` Trachea  Aka windpipe  Cartilaginous tube  E xtends downward from larynx to lungs  Divides into 2 bronchi  Principal function to transport air between environment and lungs ``` ``` Oral and nasal cavities  Larynx  trachea ```

Answer 80

``` Lungs  Bronchi  alveoli  Also functions as p ower source for speech!  Though more air is exchanged for speech than respiration  More voluntary control  Greater ratio of expiration to inspiration Exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen occurs in the lungs ```

Answer 81

``` Primary muscles involved in quiet, restful inhalation  Diaphragm  External Intercostals  Secondary (accessory) muscles involved in more active, forced breathing tasks  lifting, yelling, singing, talking for a long time on a single breath ``` ``` Diaphragm  Muscle shaped like a dome  Sits at floor of the rib cage (thorax)  Separates the stomach (abdominal cavity) from the thorax (thoracic cavity)  During inspiration:  Contraction of diaphragm causes the thoracic cavity to expand  lungs fill with air ```

Answer 82

``` Passive Exhalation:  External intercostals and diaphragm recoil passively into their relaxed state  Primary muscles are involved during quiet, restful exhalation  Forced Exhalation (using secondary muscles ):  Secondary muscles are involved in active, forced breathing  These muscles are located in neck area, back, and abdomen ```

Answer 83

takes the energy sent from the lungs and modulates the airflow to convert the energy into sound

Answer 84

``` M ucosa-lined muscular tube  R uns from the nasal cavity, through the back of the oral cavity, to the entrance of the larynx and esophagus  Includes  Nasopharynx  Oropharynx  Laryngopharynx ```

Answer 85

``` C artilaginous box that sits at the front of the neck on top of the trachea  P rimary function is protecting the airway  S econdary function is producing voice ```

Answer 86

``` Hyoid bone  H orseshoe shaped bone that suspends the larynx  Thyroid cartilage  Forms the front and side walls of the larynx  Cricoid cartilage  R ing that forms the base of the larynx  Epiglottis  L eaf shaped cartilage that runs from the hyoid to the back of the tongue  Arytenoid cartilages  Pyramid shaped structures that form anchors for the vocal folds ```

Answer 87

``` Extrinsic laryngeal muscles  Extend externally from larynx to hyoid bone/other nearby structures  Keep larynx at midline and control vertical movement during speech & swallowing  H elp elevate and depress the larynx  Intrinsic laryngeal muscles  Within the larynx  C ontrol movement of the vocal folds (e.g., lengthen , shorten, open, close ) ```

Answer 88

or vocal cords are two thin sheets of tissue connected on their outer edge to the inside of the thyroid cartilage

Answer 89

the space between the vocal folds

Answer 90

(all external to larynx) extend externally from the larynx to the hyoid bone or other nearby structures. they keep the larynx in its midline position while also controlling vertical movements during speaking or swallowing. These muscles help elevate the larynx (necessary for producing speech) and then depress it.

Answer 91

situated within the larynx itself, control the movements of the vocal folds. these help lengthen the vocal folds and open and close the vocal folds, all necessary for producing speech

Answer 92

separates VF's

Answer 93

brings them together

Answer 94

is the posterior continuation of the nasal cavity

Answer 95

or throat, is the length of the pharynx that connects with the oral cavity

Answer 96

is the most inferior portion of the pharynx, a small portion of tube that opens in the anterior to the larynx and in the posterior to the esophagus

Answer 97

``` Phonation  Sound produced by VF vibration  Vocal folds come together (adduct)  Air pressure builds up below folds (due to air pressure generated by exhalation)  When air pressure builds up below folds (“subglottal pressure”), vocal folds are “blown” open in wave-like manner ``` ``` Decrease of air pressure then causes vocal folds to come back together  Movement of the articulators (jaw, tongue, teeth, lips, palate) shapes the air into particular speech sounds ```

Answer 98

``` Manipulates airflow and voice that was channeled through phonatory system  Creates specific speech sounds  Example  Change “ahh” to “eeh” to “see” ```

Answer 99

``` Mandible  Houses the lower teeth  Forms the floor of the mouth  Maxilla  Houses the upper teeth  Forms the alveolar ridge and palatine process ```

Answer 100

``` Major function is mastication (chewing)  Involved in the production of dental speech sounds ```

Answer 101

Roof of the mouth and floor | of the nose

Answer 102

``` Also known as velum  Movable part of palate that opens and closes the nasal cavity from the oral cavity  The tip of the soft palate is called the uvula ```

Answer 103

``` Other major functions  Taste  moving food for chewing &swallowing ```

Answer 104

just help shape words

Answer 105

``` Auricle  Aka pinna  Visible part of outer ear  Includes earlobe, tragus, helix  External auditory canal (EAC )  Conducts sound waves inward  Produces cerumen to protect inner ear  Tympanic membrane  Aka eardrum ```

Answer 106

``` Tympanic membrane  Aka eardrum  B oundary between the outer and middle ear  E ustachian tube  R uns from the middle ear to the pharynx  Serves as a pressure equalizing tube for the middle ear  E.g . ears popping  Ossicles  T he three smallest bones in the body  Together form the ossicular chain  Malleus  Incus  Stapes ```

Answer 107

``` F luid filled cavity inside the temporal bone (behind the eye socket)  C omplex system of canals and cavities  Sometimes called a labyrinth  Three major cavities  Vestibule  Semicircular canals  Organs of balance  Cochlea  Organ of hearing ```

Answer 108

``` Cochlea  Snail-shaped  Filled with fluid  Primary hearing structure within the inner ear  Contains sensory hair cells for the auditory system  Converts energy into a code that can be interpreted by the brain  Mechanical energy (from the middle ear) into neural energy  Connects to auditory nerve  Auditory nerve carries information to temporal lobe of brain ```

Answer 109

``` Aka deglutition  “bolus”  3 phases  Oral phase  Oral preparatory stage  Oral transport stage  Pharyngeal phase  Esophageal phase  Many of the same structures involved as in respiration & speech  Jaw, lips, teeth, palates, tongue, pharynx, larynx  But some differ  Esophagus, UES/LES, stomach, etc ```

Answer 110

``` Oral preparatory stage  Anticipating eating  Food is brought to mouth  Liquids are sipped/sucked & food is chewed/mixed with saliva  P reparing a cohesive bolus for swallow  Oral transport stage  Propelling bolus anteriorly to posteriorly through mouth to pharynx  Tongue propels bolus by squeezing against hard palate ```

Answer 111

Start the swallow reflex (i.e. initiate swallow)  Velum raises to seal off nasal cavity  Base of tongue moves back to pharyngeal wall  Hyolaryngeal elevation: Epiglottis inverts over airway, VFs adduct, UES begins to open  Pharyngeal constriction: squeezing food down the throat

Answer 112

Upper Esophageal Sphincter (UES) relaxes to allow food to enter esophagus  Food moves down esophagus through peristalsis (constriction and relaxation of muscles) and gravity!  Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) relaxes to allow food to enter stomach from esophagus  Swallowing is complete, and digestion begins

Answer 113

``` Dysphagia  Refers to disordered chewing and/or swallowing  Can have various etiologies  Head and neck cancer, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, etc .  Can result from impairment at any stage of swallowing (or multiple)  Penetration  Entry of a foreign substance into the larynx  Aspiration  Entry of a foreign substance past the level of the VFs  Into the trachea! ```

CSD Exam 1 Flashcards

(137 cards)