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Exam 1 CSD > CSD Exam 1 > Flashcards

CSD Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the educational requirements to become an SLP?

A

Masters, certification, 9-month clinical fellowship

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2
Q

Presently, what are the educational requirements to become an Audiologist?

A

Doctorate (3-4 years), could go for phd

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3
Q

What is the main governing body for SLPs and audiologists?

A

ASHA (American Speech-Language Hearing Association)

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4
Q

What are the four portions of the speech mechanism?

A

Respiratory, Phonatory, Articulatory, Resonance

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5
Q

How does breathing work? Vegitative breathing vs Speaking?

A

Respritory sustem. Inhale - muscles/disaphragm contrasts, lungs expand and let air in. Exhale - Recoil of ribcage, muscles relax, atmosphere pressure exchanges. Speaking (85% exhale, 15% inhale). biological (50/50)

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6
Q

What are the primary functions of the larynx and the lungs?

A

The larynx protects the lower respritory tract from aspirating food into the trachea (food in wind pipe). The lungs primary function is to help you breathr!

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7
Q

How do vocal folds work? What is another term for vocal fold vibration?

A

Vocal folds open and close to make sounds. They’re open during quiet breathing, closed during speech/when we exhale. Exhale puts pressure beneath the folds and closes, then settles and reopens it. (another word is PHONATION)

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8
Q

What is the opening between the vocal folds known as?

A

The glottis!

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9
Q

Does increasing vocal fold tension increase or decrease the pitch of someone’s voice?

A

It increases their voice!

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10
Q

What are the articulators? The types? How do they work?

A

They are parts of the body that modify airways for meaningful speech, from the larynx to the top of the mouth. The types are static (like teeth) and mobile (tongue). The sound-filter theory says source energy is produced by vocal folds.

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11
Q

What is the source filter theory?

A

Sound energy is produced by the vocal folds. Two-step process that involves the generation of a sound source (from vocal folds) and is shaped/filtered by the resonant properties of the vocal tract (articulatories)

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12
Q

What is resonance and what are the cavities?

A

Resonance is reverberations of airstream creating quality of voice (different voices). Cavities are pharyngeal (throat), oral (mouth), and nasal (nose).

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13
Q

Who generally has the highest fundamental frequency of the voice?

A

Children do! Their folds move the fastest.

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons?

A

Sensory neurons, Motor Neurons, and interneurons.

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15
Q

What is an action potential?

A

Electrical transmission within a neuron, in Soma. Moves along axon, all or none reactions.

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16
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Space where the axon terminal approaches dendrites of next neuron. Excitory or inhibitory.

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17
Q

What is neural plasticity? What factors impact it?

A

The brain’s ability to rewire neural pathways OR the ability of the brain to change with learning. 3 factors: environment, genetics, and actions/behaviors.

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18
Q

What are the negative influences that impact neural plasticity and development?

A

Life experiences, neglect, age, developmental plasticity from 5 ish.

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19
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

The Central Nervous System. It is the brain and spinal chords. Left/right hemispheres.

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20
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal (front), Parietal (top), Occipital (back), and Temporal (side)

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21
Q

What connects the two sides of the brain?

A

The corpus callosum

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22
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A

Peripheral Nervous System. Nerves travel between CNS and other parts of the body. Made up of 12 cranial nerves and spinal nerves

23
Q

What is cranial nerve 7, 8, 9 and 12, and what are they responsible for?

A

7- Facial, facial movement muscles (not chewing) and eyelid closing. 8- Auditory- hearing and balance. 9- Glossopharyngeal- taste on the posterior third of the tongue. 12- Hypoglossal- tongue movement

24
Q

What is the sensory homunculus and what is it responsible for?

A

A map of the brain dedicated to sensory processing for different anatomical divisions of the body.

25
Q

What is the area of the brain that connects Wernicke and Broca’s areas?

A

The Arcuate Fasciculus

26
Q

What are some causes of brain damage?

A

Either Acquired or Congenital. Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA, stroke etc), HEad Injury, Neoplasm (tumor), Neurodegeneration (Parkinsons)

27
Q

What is aphasia? What are the four types?

A

An acquired disorder of language apparent in speaking, understanding, reading and writing. Exact location determines what becomes impaired (non-fluent and fluent). Four types: Brocas, Wernickes, Conduction, and Global.

28
Q

Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for language comprehension?

A

Broca’s Area

29
Q

What is a sound?

A

Vibrations transmitted through an elastic solid, liquid or gas

30
Q

What are the three physical parameters of sound, and their subjective parameters?

A

Frequency, (in Hz, cycles per second, period). Amplitude (measure of displacement in terms of peak, peak amplitude is maximum POSITIVE displacement in one period, peak-to-peak is total distance from maximum positive peak to max negative). Starting phase (point in displacement circle which the object begins to vibrate).
SubjectiveParameters Pitchm Loudness and Percieved Location.

31
Q

What is the peak amplitude and the peak-to-peak amplitude of the sine wave?

A

Peak amplitude is maximum positive displacement in one period, peak-to-peak is total distance from max positive to max negative. (look up pic to practice?) In Hz.

32
Q

The strength and magnitude of a sound is also called what?

A

Sound intensity

33
Q

What happens to sound as frequency increases?

A

As frequency increases, number of sound waves moving increases, and the pitch will increase.

34
Q

What are the primary functions of the outer ear?

A

Aiding in localization, protecting deeper structures of the ear, and starting to amplify sounds.

35
Q

What are the primary functions of the middle ear?

A

Protecting Deeper Structures and Amplifying sounds.

36
Q

How does a signal travel from one neuron to the next?

A

takes place through the release of chemical substances into the space between the axon and the dendrites. These chemicals are called neurotransmitters, and the process is called neurotransmission. The space between the axon and the dendrites is called the synapse

37
Q

What kind of wave is a speech signal?

A

A sound wave? (longitudinal wave)

38
Q

The outer and inner hair cells are located on which parts of the ear?

A

The Organ of Corti. Outer are in rows of three, inner are a single row of receptors.

39
Q

What are the bones of the middle ear called?

A

Malleus, Incus, and Stapes

40
Q

What is the range of sound the human ear can hear?

A

From 20-20,000 Hz.

41
Q

What is Shrapnel’s Membrane?

A

The blow-put valve of the middle ear. (what is “blown” when you blow your eardrum).

42
Q

For each example below, indicate whether a genotype is heterozygous or homozygous: AA, Bb, cc, DD, ss

A

AA- homozygous, Bb- heterozygous, cc- homozygous, DD- homozygous, ss- homosygous.

43
Q

Complete a punnet’s square for two parents who are both heterozygous for the gene “A”

A

A. a
A. AA Aa
a. Aa. aa

44
Q

Using the same punnets square (heterozygous parents of A), if A is dominant and a is recessive, calculate odds for each at birth.

_________ % chance of being a healthy homogenous (AA) child.
_________ % chance of being a healthy heterozygous (Aa) child.
_________ % chance of being an affected homozygous recessive child (aa).

A

25, 50, 25

45
Q

What are the language difficulties someone with autism might have?

A

Poor language comprehension, poor pragmatic skills, in severe forms, expressive language characteristics may become more apparent. Echolalia, etc.

46
Q

What is SLI?

A

Speech Language Impairment. Significant language deficits with no evidence of neurological damage

47
Q

What is dyslexia?

A

Neurologically-based phonological processing disorder that interferes with single word decoding. Trouble learning sound systems of language in reading/writing, difficulty with symbols.

48
Q

What is a phenotype of speech/language disorders can be impacted by?

A

OBSERVABLE characteristics (like the cleft palate), you can see the traits.Environmental/phychosocial factors, genotype, and intervention.

49
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

Inherited condition with a unique constellation of symptoms (Down syndrome, etc)

50
Q

What do we need to consider x-linked genes?

A

Genes responsible for disorders are on the x-chromosome (Fragile x syndrome)

51
Q

What is the difference between autosomal dominant and recessive genes?

A

Autosomal dominant requires only one affected allele, can come from one or two parents. Recessive has both alleles affected, with BOTH parents carrying at least one (heterosygous or homozygous).

52
Q

What is the transformation of energy and what part of the ear are they happening in?

A

Acoustic (sound/outer), Mechanical (physical ossicle movement, middle), Hydraulic (traveling wave in cochlea, inner), Electrical (firing of hair cells, 8th cranial nerve)

53
Q

What are the four cartialages in the thyroid?

A

Thyroid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage

Exam 1 CSD (1 decks)

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