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Language Development in Children > CSD 354 Dev. in Children > Flashcards

CSD 354 Dev. in Children Flashcards

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1
Q

What is language?

A

A complex and dynamic system that uses conventional symbols in various modes to express thought and communication

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2
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

The smallest units of languages that carry meaning

“school”= 1 morpheme “school+s”= 2 morpheme “pre+school+s”= 3 morphemes

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3
Q

What is code?

A

The translation of one type of information to another type of information using symbols

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4
Q

What is a referent?

A

A word with meaning attached to it

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5
Q

What is one important aspect of language code?

A

The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary in social communication (not written)

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6
Q

What are 4 characteristics of the system of language?

A
  1. symbols
  2. conventional
  3. dynamic
  4. a tool for human comm. and cognition
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7
Q

What does conventional mean?

A

Users of language abide by accepted rules

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8
Q

What is a language community

A

A group of people who use a common language

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9
Q

What are three reasons for language communities to emerge?

A
  1. Geographic circumstances (Ukrainian)
  2. Sociological reasons (Hebrew, ASL)
  3. Economical reasons (World Trade Org)
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10
Q

What word describes the idea that language is always changing and evolving?

A

Dynamic

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11
Q

Who experiences a system of language that is dynamic?

A
  1. The individual: acquisitions of language as a baby through growth and development, growth in languages through learning new languages or new vocabulary, as well as a decline in language.
  2. The community: Words come and go in a community such as “selfie”
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12
Q

Language is a tool for what?

A

Human communication and cognition

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13
Q

Language can be used as a _________ tool to help people develop a “picture of the world” to use for thinking

A

representational

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14
Q

Language emerged as a ________ and _______

A

sociological, cultural evolution

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15
Q

Language did not evolve from a _________ evolution

A

biological

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16
Q

What is one sociological example that some scientists believe suggest caused language to emerge?

A

The increase of population in a community as it creates for more complex sociological dynamics in a community and therefore people need language as a tool for communicating more efficiently

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17
Q

The brain uses language as a representational tool to store info. and carry out what 5 cognitive processes?

A

reasoning, hypothesizing, planning, memorizing, and problem solving

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18
Q

The processes of reasoning, hypothesizing, planning, memorizing, and problem solving can be referred to as what?

A

higher-level language skills

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19
Q

What is modularity?

A

The cognitive science theory about how the human mind is organized within structures of the brain

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20
Q

What are the two beliefs about how modules work?

A

They are regions of the brain that are developed to process specific information. There are generalized modules in which all parts of the brain work together to process info.

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21
Q

What is the definition of a module?

A

A specialized problem-solving device in the brain that responds to info. of a restricted type.

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22
Q

What are domain-specific modules?

A

These are can process only very specific types of info. like depth perception

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23
Q

What is a domain-general module?

A

These are believed to carry out very general tasks like memory and reasoning as well the ability to access domain-specific modules

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24
Q

What is language modularity?

A

The belief that a large number of language specific modules are clustered closely together and interconnected in a specific part of the brain, each processing linguistic info.

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25
Q

What study do scientists use to support language modularity?

A

Studies that children from various diff. backgrounds and languages still struggle with verb tenses, and have specific language impairment

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26
Q

What is Specific Language Impairment (SLI)?

A

Children exhibit problems in very precise aspects of grammar, such as marking verb tense, typically omitting it.

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27
Q

What do critics of language modularity argue?

A

They believe that language emerges from an individuals culture/community rather than any specific internal build. Bickerton used research from developmental disability and brain injury claiming that they fail to support the concept of language modularity because the brain can still access specific language info if the part of the brain that typically processes language info. is damaged/not fully functional

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28
Q

What is communication?

A

A system that requires a sender who encodes, formulates, or transmits a message while the receiver decodes/comprehends the message

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29
Q

Crying in babies is not language, but is a ____ ____

A

biological reflex

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30
Q

Name 4 ways of communicating

A
  1. body “language”/gestures
  2. nonlinguist (pictures)
  3. paralinguistics (intonation, tone, pitch)
  4. language
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31
Q

What are three parts of language?

A
  1. speech
  2. writing
  3. signing
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32
Q

What are 3 purposes of communication?

A

to request, reject, and comment

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33
Q

Language is a ___________

A

shared code

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34
Q

Infants first learn to comm. intentionally using

A

gestures

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35
Q

Concepts in language are represented by

A

arbitrary symbols

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36
Q

What are arbitrary symbols?

A

symbols, letters, numbers, phonemes

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37
Q

What are phonemes?

A

perpetually distinct units of sound

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38
Q

Languages have _____ that allow symbols of the language to be combined into sentences

A

rules

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39
Q

Language rules, or grammar, allows symbols to be combined in an infinite number of sentences and makes language _______

A

generative

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40
Q

Language that is spoken is called

A

speech

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41
Q

What is speech?

A

A neuromuscular process by which humans create Meaningful sound signal that is transmitted through the air to the receiver

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42
Q

What is inner language?

A

individuals can choose to keep thoughts and ideas to themselves

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43
Q

What is written language?

A

Individuals use writing to express thoughts and ideas

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44
Q

What is hearing?

A

The sensory system that allows speech to enter into and be processed by the human brain

45
Q

What does spoken conversation involve?

A

language, hearing, and speech

46
Q

Speech requires what 4 systems?

A

respiration, phonation, resonation, and articulation

47
Q

What is respiration?

A

The act of breathing

48
Q

What is phonation?

A

Within the trachea, a breath of air moves through vocal cords and creates vibration which creates voice

49
Q

What is resonation?

A

The breath of air proceeds into the oral and nasal cavities where it resonates

50
Q

What is articulation?

A

The breath of air is manipulated by oral articulators (teeth, tongue, lips, jaw) to emerge as sounds combined into words, phrases, and sentences

51
Q

What are the 3 stages of speech production?

A
  1. perceptual target
  2. motor schema
  3. speech output
52
Q

What is perceptual target?

A

The 1st stage of speech production; the abstract representation of speech sound stream is produced (formulated); m/a/m/a

53
Q

What is motor schema?

A

The 2nd stage of speech production; the neurological brain systems produce a rough plan of the perceptual target and instructions are fed forward in syllable chucks to muscle groups involved with speech: ma/ma

54
Q

What is speech output?

A

The 3rd stage of speech production; air pressure is modulated as respiratory flow is sent forward. Articulators and oral cavity are manipulated to produced /mama/

55
Q

What is the IPA?

A

international phonetic alphabet

56
Q

What is the international phonetic alphabet?

A

It’s an international set of symbols that represents all the phonemes of the world’s languages

57
Q

What is feedback?

A

Relays info about speech output back to the origination of the perceptual target and motor schema

58
Q

Speech relies wholly on ____ because it gives speech its meaning.

A

language

59
Q

Language doesn’t rely on ___, because one can sign, write, or read.

A

speech

60
Q

What is locked-in syndrome?

A

completely intact language and cognitive skills without ability to move with exception of eye movement

61
Q

What is hearing or audition?

A

The perception of sound including general auditory perception and speech perception

62
Q

What is acoustics?

A

The study of sound

63
Q

Communication through speech involves what 4 acoustic events?

A
  1. creating sound-source or vibration of air particles
  2. vibration of air particles depends on speed of particles (frequency/pitch) and (intensity/loudness)
  3. reception by the air in 3 chambers
  4. comprehension of the brain
64
Q

Name the 3 chambers of the air

A
  1. outer chamber: captures sound and sends it to the
  2. middle chamber: forwards acoustic into
  3. inner chamber: contains cochlea which travels up the auditory nerve to auditory regions of the brain
65
Q

What is speech perception?

A

how the brain processes speech and language

66
Q

What is auditory perception?

A

how the brain processes any type of auditory perception- not speech

67
Q

What is auditory overshadowing?

A

a principle of early dev. suggesting that young children and infants have a strong bias for auditory over visual.

68
Q

What is statistical learning?

A

being able to isolate words within running speech and recognize the sounds blending together. ex. “c/u/p” phonemes being recognized as the entity of a cup

69
Q

What is coarticulation?

A

the smearing/overlapping of phonemes in the production of strings of speech sounds- our speech processing mechanisms of the brain have evolved to process rapidly occurring coarticulated speech sounds

70
Q

What does the sender do?

A

formulates/encodes and transmits a message

71
Q

What does the receiver do?

A

decodes/receives the message and comprehends it

72
Q

What is formulation?

A

the process of formulating and pulling together thoughts and ideas for sharing with another

73
Q

What is transmission/encoding?

A

the process of conveying ideas to another through language

74
Q

What is reception?

A

the receiver receiving information

75
Q

What is comprehension?

A

the receiver comprehending a message

76
Q

What is symbolic/referential communication?

A

When a person communicates about a specific entity/event and the relationship between the entity/event and the referent is arbitrary. Ex: baby says “bottle” but means its thirsty

77
Q

What is pre-intentional communication?

A

listeners infer or assume the relationship between a communicative behavior and its referent. Ex: cat’s purr or baby’s cry

78
Q

What is intentional communication?

A

the relationship between the communicative behavior and its referent is not arbitrary

79
Q

What is iconic communication?

A

A form of intentional comm. when there is a clear relationship between the message and its referent. Ex. chimpanzee pointing at banana or baby pointing at toy

80
Q

What is oral communication?

A

The combination or speech and listening

81
Q

What is feedback in a conversation?

A

info the receiver sends to the sender

82
Q

A ____ system is back and forth exchanging of comm. and makes comm. active and dynamic

A

feedback

83
Q

What is linguistic feedback?

A

The receiver speaks to request, reject, or comment

84
Q

What is nonlinguistic/extralinguistic feedback?

A

The receiver uses gestures or body language

85
Q

What is paralinguistic feedback?

A

The receiver uses tone, pitch, loudness, pausing in combination with linguistic feedback

86
Q

What is a communication breakdown?

A

when the sender and/or receiver doesn’t do their part

87
Q

What is conversational repair?

A

repairing a communication breakdown through fixing one aspect of the comm. model

88
Q

What is the primary purpose of communication?

A

to provide and solicit information

89
Q

What are the 3 major domains of language?

A

Form, content, and use

90
Q

What is form?

A

how words, sentences, and sounds are organized and arranged to convey content

91
Q

What is content?

A

The words used and the meaning behind them

92
Q

What is a lexicon?

A

a vocabulary system

93
Q

Define contextualized

A

immediate context is provided through concrete cues within the environment such a gestures, facial expressions in the here and now

94
Q

Define decontextualized

A

sharing language with little to no reliance on context for conveying content

95
Q

What is use?

A

how people draw on language functionally to meet personal and social needs- the intention behind the words

96
Q

What is phonology?

A

rules of language governing the sounds that make syllables and words

97
Q

What are allophones?

A

subtle variations of phonemes that occur as a result of contextual influences on how phonemes are produced in diff words. Ex: “p/o/p”

98
Q

What are phonotactics?

A

rules governing how sounds are organized into words- ex: /g/ never comes after /s/

99
Q

What is morphology?

A

the rules of language governing the internal organization of words. Ex: Morphemes can morphed in diff. ways to change their meaning like adding “pre” to words to change their meaning

100
Q

What are grammatical morphemes?

A

The process of using suffixes to change meaning in words like plurality, possession, and tenses

101
Q

What is syntax?

A

the rules of language governing the internal organization of sentences. Provide structure in a sentence

102
Q

What is semantics?

A

the rules of language governing the meaning of individual words and word combinations

103
Q

What is pragmatics?

A

the rules governing language use for social purposes. It is also referred to as social communication

104
Q

What is acquisition rate?

A

how quickly children retain and learn to speak language

105
Q

What is the critical period?

A

from birth to puberty the window of opportunity exists during which language develops rapidly and with the greatest ease. Ex: Romanian children transferring to foster care.

106
Q

What is the universality concept?

A

in language all people apply the same cognitive infrastructure to the task of learning language- which results in communities developing symbolic representations for objects and actions

107
Q

What is species specificity?

A

ability to use language to represent events that are decontextualized

108
Q

What is productivity?

A

the principle of combination of phonemes and morphemes into infinite novel creations- supporting that language is generative

Language Development in Children (1 decks)

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