CSCS Test Flashcards
1st class lever
a lever which the muscle force and the resistance are on opposite sides of the fulcrum
2nd class lever
a lever which the muscle force and the resistance are on the same side of fulcrum, with m. force having a longer moment arm (calf)
-mechanical advantage
3rd class lever
a lever which the muscle force and resistance are on the same side of fulcrum with resistance having longer moment arm
-mechanical disadvantage
Angular displacement
the angle through which an object rotates
Is the force a muscle can exert related to its cross sectional area or volume?
-CSA
What type of lever is elbow extension?
First
What type of lever is elbow flexion?
Third
What type of lever is the calf?
Second
Power definition?
- rate of doing work
- work/time
Work definition
force x displacement
Muscles with greater pennation have
- more sarcomeres in parallel
- are able to generate more force at lower velocities
When can a muscle generate the greatest amount of force?
Its resting length b/c actin and myosin lie next to each other
The force capability of muscle inclines/declines as the velocity of contraction increases?
declines
Classic formula for comparing strength
load lifted / 2/3 body weight
Bracketing technique
-when an athlete performs a sport movement with lower and heavier than normal resistance
When should an athlete wear a weight belt?
maximal and near maximal sets
The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones
catabolism
The synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones
Anabolism
Exergonic reaction
energy releasing and catabolic
Endergonic reactions
require energy and anabolic
Phosphagen system equation
ADP + CP ATP + Creatine
Creatine kinase enzyme over arrows
How much ATP does the body store?
80-100g
- cannot be completely depleted
- skeletal muscle [ ] of CP are 4-6x higher than ATP
Glycolysis
-breakdown of carbohydrate, either glycogen in muscle or glucose in blood to re-synthesize ATP
What is the end result of glycolysis and where can it go?
- Pyruvate
- converted to lactate in sarcoplasm OR
- shuttled into mitochondria
Anaerobic glycolysis
- Pyruvate is converted to lactate via regeneration of NAD+
- limited in duration d/t H+ production
Aerobic glycolysis
- Pyruvate shuttled into mitochondria for Krebs cycle,
- ATP resynth is slow but can occur for longer duration
Phosphorylation
- process of adding inorganic phosphate (P) to another molecule
- ADP + P = ATP
Lactate threshold
exercise intensity at which blood lactate begins an abrupt increase above baseline concentrations
-increased reliance on anaerobics for energy production
When does lactate threshold occur?
- 50-60% maximal O2 uptake in untrained
- 70-80% in trained
How many ATP produced for breakdown of single triglyceride (fat)
-Over 300
How many net ATP are produced via oxidative system for one glucose molecule
-38
Allosteric binding site
-substances other than hormones can enhance or reduce the cellular response to the primary hormone
Effects of Testosterone
- stimulates IGF-1 secretion
- protein synthesis
- growth and metabolism
Exercise variables that increase GH, Testosterone, and cortisol levels,
- large m. group exercises
- heavy resistance
- high volume
- short rest intervals
- long training experience
Effects of Growth Hormone
decreased: glucose utilization/synthesis
Increased: protein and collagen synthesis, FFA utilization, lipolysis
Which hormone has the greatest influence on neural changes?
-Testosterone
Acute hormonal changes to exercise provide details about?
- amount and type of stress
- metabolic demands of the exercise
- need for changes in resting metabolism
