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CS5 Flashcards

1
Q

The term ‘red flags’ refers to

Question 5 options:

Clinical features that may indicate psychosocial barriers to patient recover

Clinical features that may indicate biological barriers to patient recovery

Clinical features that may indicate a serious condition requiring urgent referral

Clinical features that may contraindicate the use of manual therapy

A

Clinical features that may indicate a serious condition requiring urgent referral

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2
Q

What STI are detected with urine tests?

A

chlamydia and gonorrhoea

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3
Q

what are the symptoms of pancreatitis?

A

abdo pain L/RUQ
severe

nausea
vomiting
diaphoresis

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4
Q

when do we perform a liver function test?

A 
Hx poisoning
jaundice
Alcoholism 
Ascitis 
Family Hx hemochrombtosis (iron)
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5
Q

What cells are found in blood?

A

RBC
WBC
platelets

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6
Q

What is found in a Gross and chemical

examination?

A

Gross

- appearance 
- color

Chemical
- composition of urine like bilirubin glucose haemoglobin etc.

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7
Q

What are the causes of bilirubinuria?

A

liver disease

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8
Q

What are other exams for the prostate

A 
Urinalisis
urodynamic
cystoscopy
abdominal ultrasound
MRI
Transrectal ultrasound
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9
Q

What pathologies indicate a Low RBC count?

A

anemia
bone marrow failure
malnutrition (iron deficiency)

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10
Q

Cervical artery dissections can affect the:

Question 1 options:

Internal carotid and vertebral arteries

Internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries

External carotid and middle cerebral arteries

Vertebral and external carotid arteries

A

Internal carotid and vertebral arteries

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11
Q

What is a liver function test?

A

group of test that monitor liver disease

asses synthetic capability
show evidence of hepatocellular disease

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12
Q

What is PSA?

A

prostate specific antigen

protein made in prostate gland to aid in egg fertilisation

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13
Q

What factors influence a Hight urinary PH

A

Alkaline PH

  • vegetarian diet
  • systemic alkalosis
  • UTI
  • Drugs
  • Stuck urine
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14
Q

What are the FBC findings in leukemia?

A

Thrombocytopenia Decrease platelets

Leukocytosis Increase WBC

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15
Q

What tests are used for Type 2 diabetes

A

glucose level
Fating and random

Oral glucose tolerance test OGTT

HBA1c test

Kidney function test

plasma lipid monitoring test

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16
Q

Acute onset headache can be indicative of a cervical artery dissection in progress. What impact would an age of 65 have on your index of suspicion for cervical artery dissection?

Question 13 options:

Increase

No impact

Decrease

A

No impact

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17
Q

What organism cause PID?

A

gonorrhoea, chlamydia and mycoplasma.

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18
Q

Can FBC diagnose lymphoma?

A

No

FBC is used as an exclusion method and to identify the degree of bone marrow invasion

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19
Q

When should patients with abdominal pain be referred to a GP?

A

severity of clinical presentation
Hx red flags
DDx

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20
Q

The cervicothoracic junction is twice as stiff as the rest of the cervical spine.

Question 10 options:
True
False

A

true

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21
Q

When a applying a seated HVLA technique for the cervicothoracic junction, the fulcrum is placed

A)Based on patient comfort

b)At the upper vertebra of the segment you wish to cavitate

C) Based on practitioner comfort

D) At the lower vertebra of the segment you wish to cavitate

A

D) At the lower vertebra of the segment you wish to cavitate

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22
Q

Can FBC diagnose multiple myeloma?

A

No

FBC is used as an exclusion method and to identify the degree of bone marrow invasion

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23
Q

Clinical presentation of prostate problems

A 
Urinary retention
Urinary urgency
urinary frequency 
Incontinence
Nocturia 
problems begin urine
weak urine flow 
Foul smell and colour 
pain after ejaculation
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24
Q

When is it used?

A

when a treatment has been unsuccessful

instead of Ct

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25
Q

What are some clinical S&S for patients with Cervical artery dissection (CAD)?

A

Unilateral headache in frontotemporal region (may present occipital), Throbbing , sharp, worst pain ever.
Unilateral Neck pain
Unilateral fascial pain
Horners

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26
Q

Coupled motion is dependent on spinal muscle activity.

Question 16 options:
True
False

A

false

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27
Q

Ligamentous Myofascial positioning for HVLAT techniques uses normal coupling behaviour.

Question 13 options:
True
False

A

true

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28
Q

What is the clinical presentation for AAA?

A 
Abdo, flank or back  Pain
shock
limb ischaemia
pulsatile abd mass
Hypotension
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29
Q

What conditions are related to increase Specific gravity in urine?

A

Highly concentrated urine with large volume of solutes

fever
dehydration
diarrhea 
vomit
adrenal insufficiency 
nephronic syndrome
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30
Q

What are the risk factors for AAA?

A 
smoking 
male 
old
white
HBP
atherosclerosis
family Hx AAA
peripheral artery aneurysm
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31
Q

What are the red flags for abdominal pain?

A 
>65
HIV
multiple comorbidities 
abdominal surgery 
cardiac disease
alcoholism 
pregnancy
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32
Q

What causes ketonuria (fat in urine)?

A

diabetes

low carbs
starvation 
alcoholism 
hyperthyrodism 
drugs: insulin
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33
Q

What to do if CAD examinations are negative?

A

Treat with caution
conservative treatment
Patient should be monitored and re-examined in subsequent consultations

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34
Q

Acute onset headache can be indicative of a cervical artery dissection in progress. What impact would a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 29 have on your index of suspicion for cervical artery dissection?

Question 24 options:

Increase

No impact

Decrease

A

Increase

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35
Q

what causes Thrombocytopenia?

A

low number of plateles

conditions affecting bone marrow
drugs
autoimune

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36
Q

The relative risk describes the probability of an event occurring. In HVLAT techniques, it refers to the likelihood of a complication occurring from the application of HVLAT techniques. The relative risk of a complication occurring from HVLA, according to the literature, is most likely to be;

Question 6 options:

Non-existent

Mild-moderate

High

Low

A

Low

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37
Q

What us PVC?

A

packed cell volume
(red blood cells)
causes same as RBC

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38
Q

What factors influence a low urinary PH

A

Acid PH

High protein diet
systemic acydosis
diabetes 
starvation
diarrhoea
malabsorption
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39
Q

The choice of whether to use a primary rotation leverage or primary sidebending leverage in the cervical spine (C2-C7) is initially determined by patient comfort.
True
False

A

True

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40
Q

What are some Hx linked to CAD?

A

Unilateral Cx P

  • Hx Migraine (with/without aura)
  • Family Hx migraine
  • Hx Cx trauma
  • Tinnitus
  • Onset related to Cx movement
  • HBP
  • Infection
  • Upper / lower extremity neuro
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41
Q

What causes glycosuria?

A

diabetes mellitus
renal tubular disease
pregnancy
drugs

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42
Q

What are some Ddx for pancreatitis ?

A

AAA
ectopic pregnancy
Angina
oesophageal rupture

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43
Q

what is a dipstick?

A

a stick dipped in urine that changes colour depending on the urine composition

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44
Q

examination findings for pancreatitis?

A

abdo tenderness
abdo distension

colouring of paraumbilical region

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45
Q

In the VU Osteopathy Clinic, Year 3 students may apply HVLA

Question 9 options:

To patients of the clinic under direct supervision of a Year 5 student

To patients of the clinic under direct supervision by a Clinical Educator

To other Year 5 students

To other students enrolled in the osteopathy program under direct supervision of a Year 5 student

A

To patients of the clinic under direct supervision by a Clinical Educator

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46
Q

What is serum lipase?

A

enzyme released by pancreas. If there is damage in the pancreas, this serum is found in blood.

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47
Q

What pathologies indicate a High WBC count?

A

Infection
leukemia
inflammatory disease

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48
Q

What is a colonoscopy?

A

visual inspection of the colon

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49
Q

Disc herniation, nerve root compression and vertebral joint sprain following manual therapy to the cervical spine are classified as:

Question 16 options:

Serious Non-reversible Impairment

Substantive Non-reversible Impairment

Transient side effects

Substantive Reversible Impairment

A

Substantive Reversible Impairment

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50
Q

When to use triiodothyronine test T3?

A

to confirm a dx of hyperthyroidism,

NOT hypothyroidism −to monitor patients on T3 therapy

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51
Q

An abnormal test result is a sign of a real problem

true
false

A

False

A test result outside the reference range may or may not indicate a problem

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52
Q

What are the VU guidelines for CAD?

A

1) Know that CAD can present as as acute onset of Cs Pain and headache
2) CAD should be a DD for Cs P<1 week
3) Factors that might indicate a dissection should be referred to GP or neuro
4) Cs pre-manipulative screening test are not performed due to lack of evidence.

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53
Q

What are the clinical features for hypothyroidism?

A

fatigue
weight gain
increased sensitivity to cold
skin dryness

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54
Q

When is a colonoscopy indicated?

A 
Postive IFOBT test
Iron deficiency
Low MCV
rectal bleeding 
sistemic symptoms indicative of colon cancer.
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55
Q

What are some Ddx for PID?

A 
ectopic pregnancy 
appendicitis 
ovarian cyst rupture
abortion
UTI
endometriosis 
dysmenorrhea
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56
Q

Which of the following historical factors is LEAST likely to be linked to cervical artery dissection?

Question 21 options:

Tinnitus

Recent head cold

Jaw pain

neck pain

A

Jaw pain

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57
Q

The normal coupled motion available at the atlanto-axial (AA) joint is:

Question 11 options:

Rotation and sidebending to the same side

Rotation and sidebending to the same side with the cervical spine in a flexed position

Rotation and sidebending to opposite sides

Primarily rotation

A

Primarily rotation

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58
Q

Which of the following is not one of the four cardinal signs and symptoms of upper cervical instability?

Question 20 options:

Overt loss of balance in relation to head movements

Facial lip paraesthesia, reproduced by active or passive neck movements

Neck pain and limitation of neck movements

Bilateral or quadrilateral limb paraesthesia either constant or reproduced by neck movements

A

Neck pain and limitation of neck movements

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59
Q

What is used to test for Lymphoma?

A

Biopsy of lymph node

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60
Q

What test are used for PCOS

A

Lab test
US
Laparoscopy

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61
Q

what is proteinuria and what are the causes?

A

protein content in urine

Renal: glomerular disease pyelonephritis and malignant hypertension

CVS: benign HT
cardiac failure
subacute bacterial endocarditis

Drugs: Said, penicillin etc

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62
Q

What are the cardinal Signs and symptoms for instability?

A

1) Loss of balance
2) Fascial or lip, quadrilateral and bilateral limb parasthesia with Cx movement
3) Nystagmus

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63
Q

Acute onset headache can be indicative of a cervical artery dissection in progress. What impact would a history of headache of similar nature and intensity have on your index of suspicion for cervical artery dissection?

Question 4 options:

Increase

No impact

Decrease

A

decrease

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64
Q

The normal coupled motion in the atlanto-occipital joint (O-C1) is generally considered to be:

a) Type 2 - rotation and sidebending to the same side
b) Type 1 - rotation and sidebending to opposite sides
c) Type 1 - rotation and sidebending to the same side
d) Type 2 - rotation and sidebending to opposite sides

A

b) Type 1 - rotation and sidebending to opposite sides

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65
Q

What are the neuro S&S prior to CAD?

A 
Visual deficit
Imbalance
Dizziness
Dysphasia
Upper limb parasthesia and weakness
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66
Q

What is serum amylase?

A

Enzyme from the pancreas. which can be found in urine if there is acute pancreatitis.

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67
Q

What are the clinical features for hyperthyroidism?

A

fatigue
weight loss
increased sensitivity to hot
nervousness

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68
Q

What are platelets?

A

stop bleeding by plug formation

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69
Q

What laboratory tests are used to test for PID

A

Test for clamydia and gonorqeha,

vaginal discharge = Increased WBC

cervical culture: test for microorganism

Urine: test UTI

FBE = RBC WBC
ESR and CRP
Pregnancy test

70
Q

what diagnostic examinations are available for cholecystis ?

A

FBC
urinalysis
pregnancy
imaging CT

71
Q

what causes epithelial cells

A

infection
inflammation
malignancy

72
Q

Facet apposition positioning for a HVLA thrust utilises movements opposite to the normal coupling behaviour.

Question 8 options:
True
False

A

true

73
Q

Facet apposition is used to lock the joint at which we wish to produce a cavitation.

Question 19 options:
True
False

A

false

74
Q

When to use TSH test

A

TSH- thyroid stimulating hormone

  • test for thyroid pathology
  • used to monitor treatment
  • screen newborns
75
Q

Other tests for endometriosis?

A

US
MRI
hysterosalpingography
Lab studies: Blood test + urinalysis

76
Q

There is a conclusive link between manual therapy to the cervical spine and incidents of damage to the cervical arteries.

Question 18 options:
True
False

A

false

77
Q

what are the 3 main clases of WBC?

A

granulocytes
monocytes
lymphocytes

78
Q

What are the examinations recommended if CAD is suspected?

A

BP
Cranial Nerve assessment
Coordination

79
Q

What are the examination findings for appendicitis?

A 
low grade fever
rebound tenderness in McBurneys point
Rosvings sign (pressure on LLQ causes pain on RLQ)
80
Q

When to send a serum lipase and serum amylase test?

A

acute abdomen due to pancreatitis

81
Q

What conditions are related to fixed Specific gravity in urine?

A

Renal disease - can’t concentrate urine

renal failure

chronic glomerulonephritis

82
Q

Year 3 students who are practicing application of HVLA techniques in the VU student clinic must be supervised. If a Clinical Educator is not available they should

Question 15 options:

Ensure that students only practice on student peers

Instruct the Year 3 student continue practicing until the Clinical Educator is available

Ask a senior student to supervise

Inform the student that it is not possible for them to practice

A

Inform the student that it is not possible for them to practice

83
Q

What non-laboratory tests are available for PID

A

trans vaginal ultrasound
laparoscopy
Ct/MRI

84
Q

What are the Ddx for cholecystitis

A

acute pancreatitis
septic shock
Rt side pneumonia
cardiac ischaemia

85
Q

Nancy is a 26 year old female patient who presents to you complaining of a bilateral frontal headache that began 3 days ago. She has previously experienced these headaches and they are relieved by Panadol (paracetamol).

A cervical artery dissection should be considered as a differential diagnosis in this case.

Question 22 options:
True
False

A

false

86
Q

The general approach to the application of an HVLA technique to the atlanto-occipital joint (O-C1) is the use of:

Question 15 options:

Primary leverage of rotation and secondary leverage of sidebending

Rotation and sidebending are applied in equal amounts

Primary leverage is rotation with no sidebending

Primary leverage of sidebending and secondary leverage of rotation.

A

Primary leverage of rotation and secondary leverage of sidebending

87
Q

What are the examination findings for diverticulitis ?

A 
localised tenderness LLQ
palpable mass
peritonitis: rebound tenderness 
abdo distension 
diminished bowel sounds
88
Q

A Type 2 movement occurring in the typical cervical spine joints is:

a) Rotation and sidebending to the same side
b) Rotation and sidebending to opposite sides
c) Rotation and sidebending to the same side in flexion

A

a) Rotation and sidebending to the same side

89
Q

What are the complications of llaparoscopy

A 
infection
adhesion formation 
organ damage 
haemorrhage 
death
90
Q

What is TRUS biopsy and what are its complications

A 
Trans rectal biopsy
Haematuria
blood in feaces
haematospermia 
spesis 
UTI
urinary retention 
pelvic Pain
erectile difficulty - rare
91
Q

what are the risk factors for pancreatitis?

A

gallstones
ethanol

others **
trauma
virus
autoimmune disease

92
Q

What is the first examination done to patients presenting with abd pain?

A

Imaging

  • CT
  • Ultrasound

Blood test
Urinalysis
pregnancy test

93
Q

When applying HVLA to the lumbar spine, the choice of patient positioning in flexion or neutral is based on

a) Patient comfort
b) The direction of rotation restriction at the vertebral segment
c) The direction of sagittal restriction (flexion or extension) at the vertebral segment
d) The direction of sidebending restriction at the vertebral segment

A

a) Patient comfort

94
Q

What pathologies indicate a low WBC count?

A 
liver or spleen disorder
bone marrow disorder
radiation
toxic 
viral infection
95
Q

Kevin is a 45 year old man who presents with left sided neck pain of three days duration. He cannot recall a specific cause. During the history, you identify that Kevin’s pain also worsens when he moves his head. His medical history reveals Kevin has been diagnosed with hypertension and has a family history of heart disease.

Kevin’s clinical examination reveals:

Cranial Nerve exam - normal
Coordination testing - normal
Cardiovascular testing - blood pressure is 140/95. Heart Rate is 78 beats per minute with regular rate & rhythm. No abnormal heart sounds.
What is your osteopathic management plan for Kevin?

Question 19 options:

Kevin has no positive results from the clinical examinations performed. On the basis of the history and examination, he does not need referral for further investigations.

Kevin has a high blood pressure measurement that would be classified as hypertension. However he was already diagnosed with this condition, so he should be managed conservatively.

Kevin has a high blood pressure measurement that would be classified as hypertension however he was already diagnosed with this condition. We would need to know his usual blood pressure measurement to make the most accurate determination for his management. It is safest to refer him to his GP for their opinion on his condition.

A

Kevin has a high blood pressure measurement that would be classified as hypertension however he was already diagnosed with this condition. We would need to know his usual blood pressure measurement to make the most accurate determination for his management. It is safest to refer him to his GP for their opinion on his condition.

96
Q

Performing positional screening tests for vertebrobasilar insufficiency before you perform a HVLA on the cervical spine will help you identify a patient who might be at risk of developing a cervical artery dissection.

Question 17 options:
True
False

A

false

97
Q

What conditions are related to decrease Specific gravity in urine?

A

inability to concentrate urine

       **Kidney problems**
nephrogenic diabetes
acute glomerulonephritis
pyelonephritis 
acute tubular necrosis
98
Q

Acute onset headache can be indicative of a cervical artery dissection in progress. What impact would the fact that the patient describes the headache as mild in intensity (3/10) have on your index of suspicion for cervical artery dissection?

Question 3 options:

Increase

No impact

Decrease

A

No impact

99
Q

What causes a positive urine nitrate test

A

infection

bacteria - e.coli

100
Q

In which cases do we perform pancreas tests?

A

Ddx
pancreatic tumour: and ultrasound or CT

Type 2 diabetes: blood sugar levels, insulin levels

Acute pancreatitis: pancreatic enzyme test

101
Q

What is interpreted in Blood film

A

RBC

  • size:
  • shape
  • colour
  • structure
102
Q

Bill is a 58 year old man who presents with increasing pain in his lumbar spine. He doesn’t recall what cause the pain but does find that it is worse after sitting for some time. Bill has tried paracetamol, heat packs and gentle exercise but nothing seems to help.

His medical history includes osteoarthritis in his neck and hands and bowel cancer 3 years ago. Of the red flag conditions a practitioner must consider in patients with new onset lumbar pain, which condition is suggested by Bill’s presentation?

Question 14 options:

Infection

Fracture

Aneurysm

Tumour

A

Tumour

103
Q

what’s the examination for cholecystitis ?

A

positive murphys sign 97 sensitive 48% specific

104
Q

There is little agreement as to normal coupling of sidebending and rotation in the thoracic and lumbar spine.

Question 20 options:
True
False

A

true

105
Q

What is NAAT

A

Nucleic acid amplification test

replaced urinalysis to test for virus and bacteria by looking at DNA

106
Q

When we wish to produce cavitation at the atlanto-occipital (O-C1) joint, we:

Question 17 options:

Rotate and sidebend the neck in the same direction to create apposition locking of C2-7

Rotate and sidebend the neck in the same direction to create locking at O-C1

Rotate and sidebend the neck in opposite directions to create locking at O-C1

Rotate and sidebend the neck in opposite directions to create apposition locking of C2-7

A

Rotate and sidebend the neck in opposite directions to create apposition locking of C2-7

107
Q

What is the acronym used to diagnose appendicitis?

A 
Alvarado score -  MANTREL
M: migration of pain 
A: anorexia
N: nausea
T: tenderness in RLQ
R: rebound tenderness
E: elevated temp.
L: Leukocytosis 
S: shift of WBC left
108
Q

What causes Thrombocytosis

A

high levels of platelets

tuberculosis
thrombocythemia

109
Q

what causes Haematuria?

A 
trauma
infection
inflammation
infarction
calculi 
neoplasia
coagulation disorder
110
Q

What test are used for endometriosis

A

Endometriosis = Laparoscopy

- sensitivity 97% 
- specificity 77%
111
Q

When performing a prone HVLA technique with the aim of creating cavitation at the cervico-thoracic junction, we use

a) Facet apposition employing sidebending and rotation to opposite sides
b) Myofascial ligamentous tension
c) Facet apposition employing sidebending and rotation to the same side

A

b) Myofascial ligamentous tension

112
Q

What are the risk factors for PID?

A 
promiscuo 
early start on sex 
age 15-25
unprotected sex
IUD insertion 
post partum infection
113
Q

What substance do pregnancy test detect?

A

Hcg - human chorionic gonadotropin

114
Q

What is the function of RBC?

A

transport oxygen to and from lungs

115
Q

Why is controlling the urine PH important

A

Normal - 5.5 - 6.5

management of disease

  • bacterium
  • renal calculi
  • drug therapy
116
Q

Carly is a 24 year old woman who presents with a new onset of right sided neck pain that began 4 days ago. She describes intermittent nausea, blurred vision and dizziness. Please select the most accurate explanation for her symptoms.

Question 11 options:

Her symptoms are most suggestive of upper cervical instability, which is associated with transient neurological symptoms

Her symptoms are most suggestive of upper cervical instability, which is associated with transient ischaemic symptoms.

Her symptoms are most suggestive of vertebrobasilar insufficiency, which is associated with transient ischaemic symptoms

Her symptoms are most suggestive of vertebrobasilar insufficiency, which is associated with transient cardiovascular symptoms

A

Her symptoms are most suggestive of vertebrobasilar insufficiency, which is associated with transient ischaemic symptoms

117
Q

What is the aetiology of cholecystitis

A 
women
old
obese 
sedentary
genetics
118
Q

What pathologies can be identified by gastroscopy?

A 
tumors
varices
hiatus hernia
mucosal inflammation 
ulcers
119
Q

When to use Thyroglobulin Tg test?

A

detect thyroid carcinoma

monitor thyroid cancer

120
Q

Cervical artery dissection is most likely to occur in the

Question 23 options:

External carotid artery

Basilar artery

Internal carotid artery

Vertebral artery

A

internal carotid

121
Q

What is a urinalysis

A

test the urine for
physical
chemical
and microscopic test to detect characteristics in the composition if urine.

122
Q

What diagnostic examinations are used for PID?

A

beta hcg
STI
uroanlysis
FBC

123
Q

what is a cast and what are the causes?

A

gel formation of different substances in renal tubules

They are sociated with renal pathologies

124
Q

What are some DDx for appendicitis?

A 
testicular torsion 
ectopic pregnancy 
PID
caecal diverticulitis 
groin hernia
125
Q

Acute onset headache can be indicative of a cervical artery dissection in progress. What impact would a negative cranial nerve examination have on your index of suspicion for cervical artery dissection?

Question 8 options:

Increase

No impact

Decrease

A

decrease

126
Q

What substances do drug test detect

A 
alcohol
cannabis
cocaine
opioids
amphetamines 
benzodapines
127
Q

what are some DDx for AAA?

A

renal colic
diverticulitis
gastro heamerrhage

128
Q

For HVLA techniques to the T10-S1 spinal segments a flexed patient posture can be utilised. To achieve facet apposition locking, the trunk should be:

Question 18 options:

Sidebent only

Rotated only

Rotated and sidebent to the same side

Rotated and sidebent to the opposite sides

A

Rotated and sidebent to the opposite sides

129
Q

How to test for bowel cancer?

A

immunochemical feacal occult blood test iFOBT.
preventative measure
done at home.

130
Q

May is a 72 year old woman who presents with an acute central mid thoracic back pain for no apparent reason. A referral from her GP indicates that she has hypertension, diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis. Which of the statements below is the most accurate?

Question 7 options:

Osteoporosis is a red flag in this case because it refers to clinical features that may indicate a condition requiring urgent evaluation.

Osteoporosis is a contraindication in this case because it indicates that a procedure should not be used because it may be harmful to the person.

Osteoporosis is not a contraindication in this case because it has already been diagnosed by her GP.

Osteoporosis is a red flag in this case as it is a clinical feature which may indicate a procedure which should not be used because it may be harmful to the person.

A

Osteoporosis is a contraindication in this case because it indicates that a procedure should not be used because it may be harmful to the person.

131
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of dipsticks?

A

advantages
convenient
cost effective
fast results

disadvantages
no quantitative results
not as accurate
provides limited info.

132
Q

What is the effect of leukemia in RBC?

A

reduced

  • RBC
  • hemoglobin
  • hematocrits
133
Q

Whats the clinical presentation for diverticulitis?

A 
Sharp adb pain in Left iliac region 
fever
bloating
abd distension 
change in bowel habit 
nausea 
vomiting
134
Q

The majority of cervical artery dissections occur

Question 12 options:

Spontaneously

Following manual therapy to the cervical spine

Following minor trauma

Following major trauma

A

Spontaneously

135
Q

Ligamentous myofascial positioning for HVLA thrust techniques utilises movmements in the direction of normal coupling behaviour.

Question 14 options:
True
False

A

true

136
Q

What are the two phases of a urinalysis?

A

Gross and chemical

Microscopic and culture

137
Q

What is the WBC distinction between the 4 types of leukemia?

A

Acute lymphoblastic: Neutropenia (no neutrophils)

Acute myeloid: WBC can change or be normal

Chronic Myelogenous: Increased granulocytes, basophils, oesophils

Chronic Lymphocytic:
lymphocytosis (Increase in lymphocytes) this case immature B cells

138
Q

What are the causes of urobilirubinuria?

A

increase in urinary urobilinogen

cirrhosis
infective hepatitis

139
Q

What are the DDx for elevated PSA?

A 
cancer
prostatic neoplasm 
benign prostatic hyperplasia 
prostatitis 
Old age
Cyclist 
recent pre test ejaculation 
African
140
Q

When to use Thyroxine test T4?

A

test for thyroid pathology
test for pituitary gland disorder and female infertility
monitor the effectiveness of thyroid and pituitary disorders

141
Q

what complications may arise from colonoscopy?

A

colon perforation
haemorrhage
difficulties preparing bowel
complications with anesthesia

142
Q

Rowena is a 37 year old woman who attended your clinic yesterday with acute localised low back pain. You diagnosed non-specific lumbar spine pain, with tenderness, stiffness and decreased passive ROM at L4/5. There were no contraindications and Rowena consented to HVLAT technique to L4/5 facet joints.
Rowena calls your clinic today and tells you that her low back is stiff and she has an increase in local aching pain. Select the most correct response.

Question 10 options:

Rowena is most likely suffering from a minor adverse event. You reassure her and remind her that this is one of the possible side effects of treatment that you explained. You advise her to call you the next day if the pain/stiffness is not improving.

Rowena is most likely suffering from a minor adverse event and you reassure her and remind her that this is one of the possible side effect of treatment that you explained. You advise her to try heat packs and paracetamol to manage her pain.

Rowena is most likely suffering from a major adverse event and you reassure her and remind her that this is one of the possible side effects of treatment that you described. You advise her to call you the next day if the pain/stiffness is not improving.

Rowena is most likely suffering from a major adverse event and you advise her to seek immediate medical investigation.

A

Rowena is most likely suffering from a minor adverse event. You reassure her and remind her that this is one of the possible side effects of treatment that you explained. You advise her to call you the next day if the pain/stiffness is not improving.

143
Q

Julia is a 20 year old female who presents to your clinic with acute left sided neck pain and associated occipital headache. The onset of symptoms was yesterday when she turned her head quickly to the left. She has not experienced neck pain before. She has a family history of diabetes mellitus and migraine. She is otherwise fit and well.

As well as a musculoskeletal examination, you should complete

Question 2 options:

Cranial nerve and coordination examination

Cranial nerve examination

Cranial nerve, coordination, cardiovascular and extremity neurological examaination

Cranial nerve, coordination and cardiovascular examination

A

Cranial nerve, coordination and cardiovascular examination

144
Q

What is a gastroscopy

A

inspection of stomach and upper GIT with a camera.

145
Q

How to test for H. Pylori?

A

Rapid urease test

95% sensitivity + specificity

146
Q

What is MCH

A

mean cell haemoglobin (RBC)
differentiates different types of anemia
Low= iron deficiency
High = folic acid - B12 vitamin.

147
Q

when is glomerular filtrate acidified

A

when it passes from the renal tubules

148
Q

What is hematocrits?

A

percentage of RBC as a portion of total blood volume

149
Q

what is reticulocyte count?

A

number of immature RBC

150
Q

What is VBI associated with?

A

Vertebrobasiliar insufficiency is associated with transient ischaemia symptoms. Leads to ischaemia stroke on young adults

151
Q

Digital rectal examination of abnormal prostate findings

A 
Enlargement 
hard consistency 
nodules
loss of middle groove 
tenderness
152
Q

When us a urinalysis used for?

A 
renal function
UTI ddx
blood in urine
pregnancy
diagnose or monitor diseases
STI
Check for drugs
153
Q

Whats the clinical presentation of appendicitis?

A 
anorexia
periumbilical or epigastric pain
nausea - vomiting 
pain migration to RLQ
Pain worsening
154
Q

When is a blood film performed?

A

when FBC shows abnormal inmates cells. A WBC differential is done

155
Q

What are Ddx for diverticulitis?

A 
constipation, IBD 
UTI
Ectopic pregnancy 
vasculitis/ aneurysm
abdo abscess
156
Q

What are the common clinical findings in and pain?

A 
fever
tachycardia
hypotension
sign of shock
rigid abdomen 
involuntary guarding
157
Q

The normal coupled motion in the typical cervical spine (C2-7) is generally considered to be:

Question 12 options:

Type 1 - rotation and sidebending to the same side

Type 2 - rotation and sidebending to opposite sides

Type 1 - rotation and sidebending to opposite sides

Type 2 - rotation and sidebending to the same side

A

Type 2 - rotation and sidebending to the same side

158
Q

Ligamentous myofascial positioning is used in which of the following techniques?

Question 9 options:

Downslope cervical spine (C2-7) HVLA

Lumbar spine HVLA in a flexed patient posture.

Extension gliding thoracic spine (T4-9) HVLA

Thoracolumbar junction spine HVLA in a neutral position

A

Extension gliding thoracic spine (T4-9) HVLA

159
Q

what are the tests fro diverticulitis?

A

CT abdomen 97% sensitivity

160
Q

What is Upper cervical instability?

A

When the integrity of supporting ligaments of the atlantoaxial joint are compromised.
HVLA is contraindicated

161
Q

What tests are used for cervical cancer

A

Cervical cancer = HPV test> 5yr

162
Q

What is used to test for multiple myeloma?

A

Biopsy of bone marrow

163
Q

What are the examination findings for PID?

A 
abdo pain 
pain with sex
dysmenorrhea
change in vaginal discharge 
urinary symptoms
164
Q

For the purposes of HVLA techniques to the lumbar spine, we generally consider normal couple motion for a neutral (not flexed) lumbar spine is

a) Type 1 - sidebending and rotation to the opposite side
b) Type 2 - sidebending and rotation to the opposite side

C) Type 2 - sidebending and rotation to the same side

D) Type 1 - sidebending and rotation to the same side

A

b) Type 2 - sidebending and rotation to the opposite side

165
Q

what is mean corpuscular volume?

A

average volume of RBC

166
Q

What is cholestasis?

A

reduced bile flow due to impaired secretion by hepatocytes.

It looks for increased ALP levels

167
Q

If all my results are normal, I have nothing to worry about.
true
false

A

false

there is always a chance of an undetected problem

168
Q

What pathologies indicate a High RBC count?

A

heart disease
lung disease
dehydration
kydney disease

169
Q

what are PSA limitations?

A

Non specific 25 -35%

2/3 men with elevated PSA DON’T have cancer

170
Q

What pathology is associated with crystals in urine?

A

renal calculi

CS5 (2 decks)

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