CS5 Flashcards
The term ‘red flags’ refers to
Question 5 options:
Clinical features that may indicate psychosocial barriers to patient recover
Clinical features that may indicate biological barriers to patient recovery
Clinical features that may indicate a serious condition requiring urgent referral
Clinical features that may contraindicate the use of manual therapy
Clinical features that may indicate a serious condition requiring urgent referral
What STI are detected with urine tests?
chlamydia and gonorrhoea
what are the symptoms of pancreatitis?
abdo pain L/RUQ
severe
nausea
vomiting
diaphoresis
when do we perform a liver function test?
Hx poisoning jaundice Alcoholism Ascitis Family Hx hemochrombtosis (iron)
What cells are found in blood?
RBC
WBC
platelets
What is found in a Gross and chemical
examination?
Gross
- appearance - color
Chemical
- composition of urine like bilirubin glucose haemoglobin etc.
What are the causes of bilirubinuria?
liver disease
What are other exams for the prostate
Urinalisis urodynamic cystoscopy abdominal ultrasound MRI Transrectal ultrasound
What pathologies indicate a Low RBC count?
anemia
bone marrow failure
malnutrition (iron deficiency)
Cervical artery dissections can affect the:
Question 1 options:
Internal carotid and vertebral arteries
Internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries
External carotid and middle cerebral arteries
Vertebral and external carotid arteries
Internal carotid and vertebral arteries
What is a liver function test?
group of test that monitor liver disease
asses synthetic capability
show evidence of hepatocellular disease
What is PSA?
prostate specific antigen
protein made in prostate gland to aid in egg fertilisation
What factors influence a Hight urinary PH
Alkaline PH
- vegetarian diet
- systemic alkalosis
- UTI
- Drugs
- Stuck urine
What are the FBC findings in leukemia?
Thrombocytopenia Decrease platelets
Leukocytosis Increase WBC
What tests are used for Type 2 diabetes
glucose level
Fating and random
Oral glucose tolerance test OGTT
HBA1c test
Kidney function test
plasma lipid monitoring test
Acute onset headache can be indicative of a cervical artery dissection in progress. What impact would an age of 65 have on your index of suspicion for cervical artery dissection?
Question 13 options:
Increase
No impact
Decrease
No impact
What organism cause PID?
gonorrhoea, chlamydia and mycoplasma.
Can FBC diagnose lymphoma?
No
FBC is used as an exclusion method and to identify the degree of bone marrow invasion
When should patients with abdominal pain be referred to a GP?
severity of clinical presentation
Hx red flags
DDx
The cervicothoracic junction is twice as stiff as the rest of the cervical spine.
Question 10 options:
True
False
true
When a applying a seated HVLA technique for the cervicothoracic junction, the fulcrum is placed
A)Based on patient comfort
b)At the upper vertebra of the segment you wish to cavitate
C) Based on practitioner comfort
D) At the lower vertebra of the segment you wish to cavitate
D) At the lower vertebra of the segment you wish to cavitate
Can FBC diagnose multiple myeloma?
No
FBC is used as an exclusion method and to identify the degree of bone marrow invasion
Clinical presentation of prostate problems
Urinary retention Urinary urgency urinary frequency Incontinence Nocturia problems begin urine weak urine flow Foul smell and colour pain after ejaculation
When is it used?
when a treatment has been unsuccessful
instead of Ct
What are some clinical S&S for patients with Cervical artery dissection (CAD)?
Unilateral headache in frontotemporal region (may present occipital), Throbbing , sharp, worst pain ever.
Unilateral Neck pain
Unilateral fascial pain
Horners
Coupled motion is dependent on spinal muscle activity.
Question 16 options:
True
False
false
Ligamentous Myofascial positioning for HVLAT techniques uses normal coupling behaviour.
Question 13 options:
True
False
true
What is the clinical presentation for AAA?
Abdo, flank or back Pain shock limb ischaemia pulsatile abd mass Hypotension
What conditions are related to increase Specific gravity in urine?
Highly concentrated urine with large volume of solutes
fever dehydration diarrhea vomit adrenal insufficiency nephronic syndrome
What are the risk factors for AAA?
smoking male old white HBP atherosclerosis family Hx AAA peripheral artery aneurysm
What are the red flags for abdominal pain?
>65 HIV multiple comorbidities abdominal surgery cardiac disease alcoholism pregnancy
What causes ketonuria (fat in urine)?
diabetes
low carbs starvation alcoholism hyperthyrodism drugs: insulin
What to do if CAD examinations are negative?
Treat with caution
conservative treatment
Patient should be monitored and re-examined in subsequent consultations
Acute onset headache can be indicative of a cervical artery dissection in progress. What impact would a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 29 have on your index of suspicion for cervical artery dissection?
Question 24 options:
Increase
No impact
Decrease
Increase
what causes Thrombocytopenia?
low number of plateles
conditions affecting bone marrow
drugs
autoimune
The relative risk describes the probability of an event occurring. In HVLAT techniques, it refers to the likelihood of a complication occurring from the application of HVLAT techniques. The relative risk of a complication occurring from HVLA, according to the literature, is most likely to be;
Question 6 options:
Non-existent
Mild-moderate
High
Low
Low
What us PVC?
packed cell volume
(red blood cells)
causes same as RBC
What factors influence a low urinary PH
Acid PH
High protein diet systemic acydosis diabetes starvation diarrhoea malabsorption
The choice of whether to use a primary rotation leverage or primary sidebending leverage in the cervical spine (C2-C7) is initially determined by patient comfort.
True
False
True
What are some Hx linked to CAD?
Unilateral Cx P
- Hx Migraine (with/without aura)
- Family Hx migraine
- Hx Cx trauma
- Tinnitus
- Onset related to Cx movement
- HBP
- Infection
- Upper / lower extremity neuro
What causes glycosuria?
diabetes mellitus
renal tubular disease
pregnancy
drugs
What are some Ddx for pancreatitis ?
AAA
ectopic pregnancy
Angina
oesophageal rupture
what is a dipstick?
a stick dipped in urine that changes colour depending on the urine composition
examination findings for pancreatitis?
abdo tenderness
abdo distension
colouring of paraumbilical region
In the VU Osteopathy Clinic, Year 3 students may apply HVLA
Question 9 options:
To patients of the clinic under direct supervision of a Year 5 student
To patients of the clinic under direct supervision by a Clinical Educator
To other Year 5 students
To other students enrolled in the osteopathy program under direct supervision of a Year 5 student
To patients of the clinic under direct supervision by a Clinical Educator
What is serum lipase?
enzyme released by pancreas. If there is damage in the pancreas, this serum is found in blood.
What pathologies indicate a High WBC count?
Infection
leukemia
inflammatory disease
What is a colonoscopy?
visual inspection of the colon
Disc herniation, nerve root compression and vertebral joint sprain following manual therapy to the cervical spine are classified as:
Question 16 options:
Serious Non-reversible Impairment
Substantive Non-reversible Impairment
Transient side effects
Substantive Reversible Impairment
Substantive Reversible Impairment
When to use triiodothyronine test T3?
to confirm a dx of hyperthyroidism,
NOT hypothyroidism −to monitor patients on T3 therapy
An abnormal test result is a sign of a real problem
true
false
False
A test result outside the reference range may or may not indicate a problem
What are the VU guidelines for CAD?
1) Know that CAD can present as as acute onset of Cs Pain and headache
2) CAD should be a DD for Cs P<1 week
3) Factors that might indicate a dissection should be referred to GP or neuro
4) Cs pre-manipulative screening test are not performed due to lack of evidence.
What are the clinical features for hypothyroidism?
fatigue
weight gain
increased sensitivity to cold
skin dryness
When is a colonoscopy indicated?
Postive IFOBT test Iron deficiency Low MCV rectal bleeding sistemic symptoms indicative of colon cancer.
What are some Ddx for PID?
ectopic pregnancy appendicitis ovarian cyst rupture abortion UTI endometriosis dysmenorrhea
Which of the following historical factors is LEAST likely to be linked to cervical artery dissection?
Question 21 options:
Tinnitus
Recent head cold
Jaw pain
neck pain
Jaw pain
The normal coupled motion available at the atlanto-axial (AA) joint is:
Question 11 options:
Rotation and sidebending to the same side
Rotation and sidebending to the same side with the cervical spine in a flexed position
Rotation and sidebending to opposite sides
Primarily rotation
Primarily rotation
Which of the following is not one of the four cardinal signs and symptoms of upper cervical instability?
Question 20 options:
Overt loss of balance in relation to head movements
Facial lip paraesthesia, reproduced by active or passive neck movements
Neck pain and limitation of neck movements
Bilateral or quadrilateral limb paraesthesia either constant or reproduced by neck movements
Neck pain and limitation of neck movements
What is used to test for Lymphoma?
Biopsy of lymph node
What test are used for PCOS
Lab test
US
Laparoscopy
what is proteinuria and what are the causes?
protein content in urine
Renal: glomerular disease pyelonephritis and malignant hypertension
CVS: benign HT
cardiac failure
subacute bacterial endocarditis
Drugs: Said, penicillin etc
What are the cardinal Signs and symptoms for instability?
1) Loss of balance
2) Fascial or lip, quadrilateral and bilateral limb parasthesia with Cx movement
3) Nystagmus
Acute onset headache can be indicative of a cervical artery dissection in progress. What impact would a history of headache of similar nature and intensity have on your index of suspicion for cervical artery dissection?
Question 4 options:
Increase
No impact
Decrease
decrease
The normal coupled motion in the atlanto-occipital joint (O-C1) is generally considered to be:
a) Type 2 - rotation and sidebending to the same side
b) Type 1 - rotation and sidebending to opposite sides
c) Type 1 - rotation and sidebending to the same side
d) Type 2 - rotation and sidebending to opposite sides
b) Type 1 - rotation and sidebending to opposite sides
What are the neuro S&S prior to CAD?
Visual deficit Imbalance Dizziness Dysphasia Upper limb parasthesia and weakness
What is serum amylase?
Enzyme from the pancreas. which can be found in urine if there is acute pancreatitis.
What are the clinical features for hyperthyroidism?
fatigue
weight loss
increased sensitivity to hot
nervousness
What are platelets?
stop bleeding by plug formation
What laboratory tests are used to test for PID
Test for clamydia and gonorqeha,
vaginal discharge = Increased WBC
cervical culture: test for microorganism
Urine: test UTI
FBE = RBC WBC
ESR and CRP
Pregnancy test
what diagnostic examinations are available for cholecystis ?
FBC
urinalysis
pregnancy
imaging CT
what causes epithelial cells
infection
inflammation
malignancy
Facet apposition positioning for a HVLA thrust utilises movements opposite to the normal coupling behaviour.
Question 8 options:
True
False
true
Facet apposition is used to lock the joint at which we wish to produce a cavitation.
Question 19 options:
True
False
false
When to use TSH test
TSH- thyroid stimulating hormone
- test for thyroid pathology
- used to monitor treatment
- screen newborns
Other tests for endometriosis?
US
MRI
hysterosalpingography
Lab studies: Blood test + urinalysis
There is a conclusive link between manual therapy to the cervical spine and incidents of damage to the cervical arteries.
Question 18 options:
True
False
false
what are the 3 main clases of WBC?
granulocytes
monocytes
lymphocytes
What are the examinations recommended if CAD is suspected?
BP
Cranial Nerve assessment
Coordination
What are the examination findings for appendicitis?
low grade fever rebound tenderness in McBurneys point Rosvings sign (pressure on LLQ causes pain on RLQ)
When to send a serum lipase and serum amylase test?
acute abdomen due to pancreatitis
What conditions are related to fixed Specific gravity in urine?
Renal disease - can’t concentrate urine
renal failure
chronic glomerulonephritis
Year 3 students who are practicing application of HVLA techniques in the VU student clinic must be supervised. If a Clinical Educator is not available they should
Question 15 options:
Ensure that students only practice on student peers
Instruct the Year 3 student continue practicing until the Clinical Educator is available
Ask a senior student to supervise
Inform the student that it is not possible for them to practice
Inform the student that it is not possible for them to practice
What non-laboratory tests are available for PID
trans vaginal ultrasound
laparoscopy
Ct/MRI
What are the Ddx for cholecystitis
acute pancreatitis
septic shock
Rt side pneumonia
cardiac ischaemia
Nancy is a 26 year old female patient who presents to you complaining of a bilateral frontal headache that began 3 days ago. She has previously experienced these headaches and they are relieved by Panadol (paracetamol).
A cervical artery dissection should be considered as a differential diagnosis in this case.
Question 22 options:
True
False
false
The general approach to the application of an HVLA technique to the atlanto-occipital joint (O-C1) is the use of:
Question 15 options:
Primary leverage of rotation and secondary leverage of sidebending
Rotation and sidebending are applied in equal amounts
Primary leverage is rotation with no sidebending
Primary leverage of sidebending and secondary leverage of rotation.
Primary leverage of rotation and secondary leverage of sidebending
What are the examination findings for diverticulitis ?
localised tenderness LLQ palpable mass peritonitis: rebound tenderness abdo distension diminished bowel sounds
A Type 2 movement occurring in the typical cervical spine joints is:
a) Rotation and sidebending to the same side
b) Rotation and sidebending to opposite sides
c) Rotation and sidebending to the same side in flexion
a) Rotation and sidebending to the same side
What are the complications of llaparoscopy
infection adhesion formation organ damage haemorrhage death
What is TRUS biopsy and what are its complications
Trans rectal biopsy Haematuria blood in feaces haematospermia spesis UTI urinary retention pelvic Pain erectile difficulty - rare
what are the risk factors for pancreatitis?
gallstones
ethanol
others **
trauma
virus
autoimmune disease
What is the first examination done to patients presenting with abd pain?
Imaging
- CT
- Ultrasound
Blood test
Urinalysis
pregnancy test
When applying HVLA to the lumbar spine, the choice of patient positioning in flexion or neutral is based on
a) Patient comfort
b) The direction of rotation restriction at the vertebral segment
c) The direction of sagittal restriction (flexion or extension) at the vertebral segment
d) The direction of sidebending restriction at the vertebral segment
a) Patient comfort
What pathologies indicate a low WBC count?
liver or spleen disorder bone marrow disorder radiation toxic viral infection
Kevin is a 45 year old man who presents with left sided neck pain of three days duration. He cannot recall a specific cause. During the history, you identify that Kevin’s pain also worsens when he moves his head. His medical history reveals Kevin has been diagnosed with hypertension and has a family history of heart disease.
Kevin’s clinical examination reveals:
Cranial Nerve exam - normal
Coordination testing - normal
Cardiovascular testing - blood pressure is 140/95. Heart Rate is 78 beats per minute with regular rate & rhythm. No abnormal heart sounds.
What is your osteopathic management plan for Kevin?
Question 19 options:
Kevin has no positive results from the clinical examinations performed. On the basis of the history and examination, he does not need referral for further investigations.
Kevin has a high blood pressure measurement that would be classified as hypertension. However he was already diagnosed with this condition, so he should be managed conservatively.
Kevin has a high blood pressure measurement that would be classified as hypertension however he was already diagnosed with this condition. We would need to know his usual blood pressure measurement to make the most accurate determination for his management. It is safest to refer him to his GP for their opinion on his condition.
Kevin has a high blood pressure measurement that would be classified as hypertension however he was already diagnosed with this condition. We would need to know his usual blood pressure measurement to make the most accurate determination for his management. It is safest to refer him to his GP for their opinion on his condition.
Performing positional screening tests for vertebrobasilar insufficiency before you perform a HVLA on the cervical spine will help you identify a patient who might be at risk of developing a cervical artery dissection.
Question 17 options:
True
False
false
What conditions are related to decrease Specific gravity in urine?
inability to concentrate urine
**Kidney problems** nephrogenic diabetes acute glomerulonephritis pyelonephritis acute tubular necrosis
Acute onset headache can be indicative of a cervical artery dissection in progress. What impact would the fact that the patient describes the headache as mild in intensity (3/10) have on your index of suspicion for cervical artery dissection?
Question 3 options:
Increase
No impact
Decrease
No impact
What causes a positive urine nitrate test
infection
bacteria - e.coli
In which cases do we perform pancreas tests?
Ddx
pancreatic tumour: and ultrasound or CT
Type 2 diabetes: blood sugar levels, insulin levels
Acute pancreatitis: pancreatic enzyme test
What is interpreted in Blood film
RBC
- size:
- shape
- colour
- structure
Bill is a 58 year old man who presents with increasing pain in his lumbar spine. He doesn’t recall what cause the pain but does find that it is worse after sitting for some time. Bill has tried paracetamol, heat packs and gentle exercise but nothing seems to help.
His medical history includes osteoarthritis in his neck and hands and bowel cancer 3 years ago. Of the red flag conditions a practitioner must consider in patients with new onset lumbar pain, which condition is suggested by Bill’s presentation?
Question 14 options:
Infection
Fracture
Aneurysm
Tumour
Tumour
what’s the examination for cholecystitis ?
positive murphys sign 97 sensitive 48% specific
There is little agreement as to normal coupling of sidebending and rotation in the thoracic and lumbar spine.
Question 20 options:
True
False
true
What is NAAT
Nucleic acid amplification test
replaced urinalysis to test for virus and bacteria by looking at DNA
When we wish to produce cavitation at the atlanto-occipital (O-C1) joint, we:
Question 17 options:
Rotate and sidebend the neck in the same direction to create apposition locking of C2-7
Rotate and sidebend the neck in the same direction to create locking at O-C1
Rotate and sidebend the neck in opposite directions to create locking at O-C1
Rotate and sidebend the neck in opposite directions to create apposition locking of C2-7
Rotate and sidebend the neck in opposite directions to create apposition locking of C2-7
What is the acronym used to diagnose appendicitis?
Alvarado score - MANTREL M: migration of pain A: anorexia N: nausea T: tenderness in RLQ R: rebound tenderness E: elevated temp. L: Leukocytosis S: shift of WBC left
What causes Thrombocytosis
high levels of platelets
tuberculosis
thrombocythemia
what causes Haematuria?
trauma infection inflammation infarction calculi neoplasia coagulation disorder
What test are used for endometriosis
Endometriosis = Laparoscopy
- sensitivity 97% - specificity 77%
When performing a prone HVLA technique with the aim of creating cavitation at the cervico-thoracic junction, we use
a) Facet apposition employing sidebending and rotation to opposite sides
b) Myofascial ligamentous tension
c) Facet apposition employing sidebending and rotation to the same side
b) Myofascial ligamentous tension
What are the risk factors for PID?
promiscuo early start on sex age 15-25 unprotected sex IUD insertion post partum infection
What substance do pregnancy test detect?
Hcg - human chorionic gonadotropin
What is the function of RBC?
transport oxygen to and from lungs
Why is controlling the urine PH important
Normal - 5.5 - 6.5
management of disease
- bacterium
- renal calculi
- drug therapy
Carly is a 24 year old woman who presents with a new onset of right sided neck pain that began 4 days ago. She describes intermittent nausea, blurred vision and dizziness. Please select the most accurate explanation for her symptoms.
Question 11 options:
Her symptoms are most suggestive of upper cervical instability, which is associated with transient neurological symptoms
Her symptoms are most suggestive of upper cervical instability, which is associated with transient ischaemic symptoms.
Her symptoms are most suggestive of vertebrobasilar insufficiency, which is associated with transient ischaemic symptoms
Her symptoms are most suggestive of vertebrobasilar insufficiency, which is associated with transient cardiovascular symptoms
Her symptoms are most suggestive of vertebrobasilar insufficiency, which is associated with transient ischaemic symptoms
What is the aetiology of cholecystitis
women old obese sedentary genetics
What pathologies can be identified by gastroscopy?
tumors varices hiatus hernia mucosal inflammation ulcers
When to use Thyroglobulin Tg test?
detect thyroid carcinoma
monitor thyroid cancer
Cervical artery dissection is most likely to occur in the
Question 23 options:
External carotid artery
Basilar artery
Internal carotid artery
Vertebral artery
internal carotid
What is a urinalysis
test the urine for
physical
chemical
and microscopic test to detect characteristics in the composition if urine.
What diagnostic examinations are used for PID?
beta hcg
STI
uroanlysis
FBC
what is a cast and what are the causes?
gel formation of different substances in renal tubules
They are sociated with renal pathologies
What are some DDx for appendicitis?
testicular torsion ectopic pregnancy PID caecal diverticulitis groin hernia
Acute onset headache can be indicative of a cervical artery dissection in progress. What impact would a negative cranial nerve examination have on your index of suspicion for cervical artery dissection?
Question 8 options:
Increase
No impact
Decrease
decrease
What substances do drug test detect
alcohol cannabis cocaine opioids amphetamines benzodapines
what are some DDx for AAA?
renal colic
diverticulitis
gastro heamerrhage
For HVLA techniques to the T10-S1 spinal segments a flexed patient posture can be utilised. To achieve facet apposition locking, the trunk should be:
Question 18 options:
Sidebent only
Rotated only
Rotated and sidebent to the same side
Rotated and sidebent to the opposite sides
Rotated and sidebent to the opposite sides
How to test for bowel cancer?
immunochemical feacal occult blood test iFOBT.
preventative measure
done at home.
May is a 72 year old woman who presents with an acute central mid thoracic back pain for no apparent reason. A referral from her GP indicates that she has hypertension, diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis. Which of the statements below is the most accurate?
Question 7 options:
Osteoporosis is a red flag in this case because it refers to clinical features that may indicate a condition requiring urgent evaluation.
Osteoporosis is a contraindication in this case because it indicates that a procedure should not be used because it may be harmful to the person.
Osteoporosis is not a contraindication in this case because it has already been diagnosed by her GP.
Osteoporosis is a red flag in this case as it is a clinical feature which may indicate a procedure which should not be used because it may be harmful to the person.
Osteoporosis is a contraindication in this case because it indicates that a procedure should not be used because it may be harmful to the person.
Advantages and disadvantages of dipsticks?
advantages
convenient
cost effective
fast results
disadvantages
no quantitative results
not as accurate
provides limited info.
What is the effect of leukemia in RBC?
reduced
- RBC
- hemoglobin
- hematocrits
Whats the clinical presentation for diverticulitis?
Sharp adb pain in Left iliac region fever bloating abd distension change in bowel habit nausea vomiting
The majority of cervical artery dissections occur
Question 12 options:
Spontaneously
Following manual therapy to the cervical spine
Following minor trauma
Following major trauma
Spontaneously
Ligamentous myofascial positioning for HVLA thrust techniques utilises movmements in the direction of normal coupling behaviour.
Question 14 options:
True
False
true
What are the two phases of a urinalysis?
Gross and chemical
Microscopic and culture
What is the WBC distinction between the 4 types of leukemia?
Acute lymphoblastic: Neutropenia (no neutrophils)
Acute myeloid: WBC can change or be normal
Chronic Myelogenous: Increased granulocytes, basophils, oesophils
Chronic Lymphocytic:
lymphocytosis (Increase in lymphocytes) this case immature B cells
What are the causes of urobilirubinuria?
increase in urinary urobilinogen
cirrhosis
infective hepatitis
What are the DDx for elevated PSA?
cancer prostatic neoplasm benign prostatic hyperplasia prostatitis Old age Cyclist recent pre test ejaculation African
When to use Thyroxine test T4?
test for thyroid pathology
test for pituitary gland disorder and female infertility
monitor the effectiveness of thyroid and pituitary disorders
what complications may arise from colonoscopy?
colon perforation
haemorrhage
difficulties preparing bowel
complications with anesthesia
Rowena is a 37 year old woman who attended your clinic yesterday with acute localised low back pain. You diagnosed non-specific lumbar spine pain, with tenderness, stiffness and decreased passive ROM at L4/5. There were no contraindications and Rowena consented to HVLAT technique to L4/5 facet joints.
Rowena calls your clinic today and tells you that her low back is stiff and she has an increase in local aching pain. Select the most correct response.
Question 10 options:
Rowena is most likely suffering from a minor adverse event. You reassure her and remind her that this is one of the possible side effects of treatment that you explained. You advise her to call you the next day if the pain/stiffness is not improving.
Rowena is most likely suffering from a minor adverse event and you reassure her and remind her that this is one of the possible side effect of treatment that you explained. You advise her to try heat packs and paracetamol to manage her pain.
Rowena is most likely suffering from a major adverse event and you reassure her and remind her that this is one of the possible side effects of treatment that you described. You advise her to call you the next day if the pain/stiffness is not improving.
Rowena is most likely suffering from a major adverse event and you advise her to seek immediate medical investigation.
Rowena is most likely suffering from a minor adverse event. You reassure her and remind her that this is one of the possible side effects of treatment that you explained. You advise her to call you the next day if the pain/stiffness is not improving.
Julia is a 20 year old female who presents to your clinic with acute left sided neck pain and associated occipital headache. The onset of symptoms was yesterday when she turned her head quickly to the left. She has not experienced neck pain before. She has a family history of diabetes mellitus and migraine. She is otherwise fit and well.
As well as a musculoskeletal examination, you should complete
Question 2 options:
Cranial nerve and coordination examination
Cranial nerve examination
Cranial nerve, coordination, cardiovascular and extremity neurological examaination
Cranial nerve, coordination and cardiovascular examination
Cranial nerve, coordination and cardiovascular examination
What is a gastroscopy
inspection of stomach and upper GIT with a camera.
How to test for H. Pylori?
Rapid urease test
95% sensitivity + specificity
What is MCH
mean cell haemoglobin (RBC)
differentiates different types of anemia
Low= iron deficiency
High = folic acid - B12 vitamin.
when is glomerular filtrate acidified
when it passes from the renal tubules
What is hematocrits?
percentage of RBC as a portion of total blood volume
what is reticulocyte count?
number of immature RBC
What is VBI associated with?
Vertebrobasiliar insufficiency is associated with transient ischaemia symptoms. Leads to ischaemia stroke on young adults
Digital rectal examination of abnormal prostate findings
Enlargement hard consistency nodules loss of middle groove tenderness
When us a urinalysis used for?
renal function UTI ddx blood in urine pregnancy diagnose or monitor diseases STI Check for drugs
Whats the clinical presentation of appendicitis?
anorexia periumbilical or epigastric pain nausea - vomiting pain migration to RLQ Pain worsening
When is a blood film performed?
when FBC shows abnormal inmates cells. A WBC differential is done
What are Ddx for diverticulitis?
constipation, IBD UTI Ectopic pregnancy vasculitis/ aneurysm abdo abscess
What are the common clinical findings in and pain?
fever tachycardia hypotension sign of shock rigid abdomen involuntary guarding
The normal coupled motion in the typical cervical spine (C2-7) is generally considered to be:
Question 12 options:
Type 1 - rotation and sidebending to the same side
Type 2 - rotation and sidebending to opposite sides
Type 1 - rotation and sidebending to opposite sides
Type 2 - rotation and sidebending to the same side
Type 2 - rotation and sidebending to the same side
Ligamentous myofascial positioning is used in which of the following techniques?
Question 9 options:
Downslope cervical spine (C2-7) HVLA
Lumbar spine HVLA in a flexed patient posture.
Extension gliding thoracic spine (T4-9) HVLA
Thoracolumbar junction spine HVLA in a neutral position
Extension gliding thoracic spine (T4-9) HVLA
what are the tests fro diverticulitis?
CT abdomen 97% sensitivity
What is Upper cervical instability?
When the integrity of supporting ligaments of the atlantoaxial joint are compromised.
HVLA is contraindicated
What tests are used for cervical cancer
Cervical cancer = HPV test> 5yr
What is used to test for multiple myeloma?
Biopsy of bone marrow
What are the examination findings for PID?
abdo pain pain with sex dysmenorrhea change in vaginal discharge urinary symptoms
For the purposes of HVLA techniques to the lumbar spine, we generally consider normal couple motion for a neutral (not flexed) lumbar spine is
a) Type 1 - sidebending and rotation to the opposite side
b) Type 2 - sidebending and rotation to the opposite side
C) Type 2 - sidebending and rotation to the same side
D) Type 1 - sidebending and rotation to the same side
b) Type 2 - sidebending and rotation to the opposite side
what is mean corpuscular volume?
average volume of RBC
What is cholestasis?
reduced bile flow due to impaired secretion by hepatocytes.
It looks for increased ALP levels
If all my results are normal, I have nothing to worry about.
true
false
false
there is always a chance of an undetected problem
What pathologies indicate a High RBC count?
heart disease
lung disease
dehydration
kydney disease
what are PSA limitations?
Non specific 25 -35%
2/3 men with elevated PSA DON’T have cancer
What pathology is associated with crystals in urine?
renal calculi
