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GCSE Computer science ocr > CS1 - Systems architecture > Flashcards

CS1 - Systems architecture Flashcards

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1
Q

CPU

A

Central Processing Unit; processes instructions in a computer.

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2
Q

Fetch-Execute Cycle

A

Process of retrieving and executing instructions.

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3
Q

MAR

A

Memory Address Register; holds address of data to access.

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4
Q

MDR

A

Memory Data Register; stores data being transferred.

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5
Q

Program Counter

A

Register that tracks the next instruction’s address.

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6
Q

Accumulator

A

Register that stores intermediate arithmetic results.

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7
Q

ALU

A

Arithmetic Logic Unit; performs arithmetic and logic operations.

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8
Q

CU

A

Control Unit; coordinates CPU operations and instruction flow.

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9
Q

Cache

A

Fast memory for frequently accessed data and instructions.

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10
Q

Registers

A

Fast storage locations within the CPU for quick access.

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11
Q

Input Devices

A

Hardware that allows user input into the system.

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12
Q

Output Devices

A

Hardware that conveys information from the system.

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13
Q

Main Memory

A

Primary storage for data and instructions in use.

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14
Q

Secondary Storage

A

Non-volatile storage for data not in use.

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15
Q

Stored Program Concept

A

Idea of storing program instructions in memory.

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16
Q

Processing

A

Execution of instructions by the CPU.

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17
Q

Computer Systems

A

Integrated hardware and software for processing data.

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18
Q

Human Brain Comparison

A

CPU compared to brain; both process information.

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19
Q

Billions of Instructions

A

CPU executes billions of instructions per second.

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20
Q

Von Neumann Architecture

A

Design model for stored-program computers.

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21
Q

Early Computers

A

Used switches or punch cards for instruction input.

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22
Q

Mathematician Von Neumann

A

Pioneered the stored-program concept in computing.

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23
Q

Von Neumann architecture

A

Program instructions and the data the programs are using are both stored in the same memory.

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24
Q

Control Unit

A

The control unit coordinates and controls all of the activities taking place within the CPU.

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25
Q

Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU)

A

The ALU or Arithmetic Logic Unit is where the actual arithmetic operations are done.

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26
Q

Program Counter (PC)

A

Holds the address of the next instruction to be executed.

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27
Q

Memory Address Register (MAR)

A

Holds the memory address of the current instruction, and then the data that it uses, so that these can be fetched from memory.

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28
Q

Memory Data Register (MDR)

A

Holds the actual instruction, and then the data that has been fetched from memory.

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29
Q

Fetch - Decode - Execute

A

The CPU operates by repeating three operations: FETCH, DECODE, and EXECUTE.

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30
Q

FETCH

A

Causes the next instruction and any data involved to be fetched from main memory.

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31
Q

DECODE

A

Decodes the instruction.

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32
Q

EXECUTE

A

The instruction is executed.

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33
Q

MAR and MDR

A

In the FETCH stage of the F-E cycle, the MAR holds the address of the instruction, and the MDR holds the fetched instruction.

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34
Q

PC increment

A

The Program Counter is incremented (increased by 1) as soon as that instruction has been fetched.

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35
Q

RAM

A

Random Access Memory.

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36
Q

ALU operations

A

Carries out logical operations such as those including AND, OR and NOT.

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37
Q

Example - Step 1 (Add 8 + 4)

A

PC points to next instruction in location 5, address 5 is passed to MAR and PC is incremented.

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38
Q

Accumulator (ACC)

A

Stores intermediate arithmetic and logic results.

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39
Q

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

A

Performs arithmetic and logic operations.

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40
Q

Instruction Fetch

A

Retrieves instruction from memory to MDR.

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41
Q

Instruction Decode

A

Interprets fetched instruction for execution.

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42
Q

Instruction Execute

A

Carries out the decoded instruction’s operation.

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43
Q

Data Transfer

A

Moves data between registers and memory.

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44
Q

Step 2 Example

A

PC points to instruction at location 6.

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45
Q

Step 3 Example

A

PC points to instruction at location 7.

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46
Q

LDA Instruction

A

Loads data from memory into the accumulator.

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47
Q

ADD Instruction

A

Adds immediate value to accumulator’s content.

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48
Q

STO Instruction

A

Stores accumulator’s value into specified memory location.

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49
Q

Special Registers

A

Includes PC, MAR, MDR, and Accumulator.

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50
Q

Purpose of CPU

A

Fetches and executes instructions from memory.

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51
Q

Incrementing PC

A

PC is increased after fetching an instruction.

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52
Q

Value Transfer

A

Transfers result from accumulator to memory.

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53
Q

Instruction Cycle

A

Consists of fetch, decode, and execute phases.

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54
Q

Control Signals

A

Directs operation of CPU components during execution.

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55
Q

Data Bus

A

Pathway for data transfer between CPU and memory.

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56
Q

Secondary storage

A

Not directly accessible by the CPU and is non-volatile, meaning it will keep data even if there is no power.

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57
Q

RAM

A

A type of primary storage with a fast data rate but is volatile (the data is lost if there is no power).

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58
Q

ROM

A

A type of primary storage that is non-volatile and retains data even when power is turned off.

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59
Q

Volatile

A

Data is lost when power is turned off.

60
Q

Non-volatile

A

Data is not lost when power is turned off.

61
Q

1 Terabyte (TB)

A

Equivalent to 1000 Gigabytes.

62
Q

Capacity

A

How much data can be stored - e.g. 700 MB, 50 GB or 2 TB.

63
Q

Speed

A

The rate (usually in MB/s) at which data can be read or written.

64
Q

Portability

A

How easy it is to carry - is the device small?

65
Q

Durability

A

Will the device break if dropped? How well does it work with extreme temperatures or magnetic fields?

66
Q

Reliability

A

How likely is the data (or some of it) to be lost?

67
Q

Cost

A

What is the cost of a device? How much is it to store 1 MB of data?

68
Q

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

A

A type of secondary storage that has a very large storage capacity, up to 6TB or more.

69
Q

Solid State Drive (SSD)

A

Uses non-volatile flash memory to store information with very fast read/write speeds.

70
Q

Optical storage

A

Data is stored as pits and lands burnt or pressed into a spiral track circulating outwards from the centre.

71
Q

Magnetic storage

A

Uses mechanical parts to read and write data magnetically.

72
Q

Flash memory

A

Low cost, portable, no moving parts, durable, ideal for a range of offline devices.

73
Q

CD-ROM

A

Has a capacity of up to 720 MB.

74
Q

DVD

A

Has a capacity of up to 8.4 GB (dual layered disk).

75
Q

Blu-Ray

A

Has a capacity of up to 50 GB (dual layered disk).

76
Q

Magnetic tape

A

A type of offline secondary storage used for backup.

77
Q

USB flash drive

A

A portable storage device that uses flash memory.

78
Q

SD card

A

A type of removable storage used in cameras and smartphones.

79
Q

Tape drive

A

A type of storage device that uses magnetic tape to store data.

80
Q

Floppy disk drive

A

An older type of storage device that uses floppy disks.

81
Q

SSD drive

A

A type of solid state storage device with no moving parts.

82
Q

Durability of magnetic storage

A

An issue due to lots of mechanical parts and sealed units.

83
Q

Data capacity calculation

A

If we wish to store 5000 photos and each photo has a file size of 10 MB, we need a total of 50 GB.

84
Q

Primary Storage

A

Needed to store programs that are currently running and need to be accessed by the CPU.

85
Q

RAM

A

Random Access Memory, often referred to as main memory, primary memory, or primary storage, can be read from and written to.

86
Q

ROM

A

Read Only Memory, used to store data that needs to be permanently held in primary storage, even when a computer has no power.

87
Q

Volatile Memory

A

Memory that loses its data when the power is turned off, such as RAM.

88
Q

Non-volatile Storage

A

Storage that does not lose data when the power is off, such as data stored on a hard drive.

89
Q

Virtual Memory

A

Part of the hard drive used as an extension to RAM.

90
Q

Bootstrap

A

The initial program that is run when the computer is turned on, stored in ROM.

91
Q

BIOS

A

Basic Input/Output System, stored in ROM, controls basic technical configuration of the computer.

92
Q

Memory Speed

A

The speed that data can be accessed changes through the different components in a computer.

93
Q

CPU Registers

A

Small amounts of storage available directly in the CPU for quick data access.

94
Q

Cache

A

A smaller, faster type of volatile memory that provides high-speed data access to the CPU.

95
Q

Operating System

A

Software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs.

96
Q

RAM Capacity

A

Typically, a modern personal computer will have 8-32 GB of RAM available.

97
Q

Advantages of Virtual Memory

A

Uses cheap secondary storage on the hard drive and prevents error messages saying ‘out of memory’.

98
Q

Disadvantages of Virtual Memory

A

Accessing virtual memory is very slow, as existing data in RAM needs to be copied to virtual memory before accessing.

99
Q

Data Loss in RAM

A

Data stored in RAM is lost when the computer is turned off.

100
Q

Access Speed of RAM

A

Access to RAM is much faster than a hard drive.

101
Q

Data in ROM

A

Data is read from ROM but cannot be written to it.

102
Q

RAM Usage

A

The computer stores running programs and data in RAM when your computer is turned on.

103
Q

Filling Up RAM

A

When RAM completely fills up, the computer may need to use virtual memory.

104
Q

Difference between RAM and ROM

A

RAM can be written to, while ROM cannot; RAM is volatile, and ROM is non-volatile.

105
Q

Cache

A

Fast memory in CPU for quick data access.

106
Q

Clock Speed

A

Speed of CPU operations, measured in hertz (Hz).

107
Q

Cores

A

Duplicate processing units in a CPU.

108
Q

Control Unit (CU)

A

Decodes instructions and controls CPU timing.

109
Q

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

A

Performs arithmetic and logic operations.

110
Q

Registers

A

Small storage locations for CPU data.

111
Q

Program Counter (PC)

A

Register that tracks the next instruction.

112
Q

Memory Address Register (MAR)

A

Holds memory location of data to fetch.

113
Q

Memory Data Register (MDR)

A

Holds data retrieved from RAM.

114
Q

Accumulator (ACC)

A

Stores results from the ALU operations.

115
Q

Multi-core Processor

A

Processor with multiple cores for simultaneous tasks.

116
Q

Dual-core Processor

A

Processor with two cores for parallel processing.

117
Q

Quad-core Processor

A

Processor with four cores for enhanced performance.

118
Q

Level 1 Cache

A

Fastest cache, 2-256KB, per core.

119
Q

Level 2 Cache

A

Fast cache, 256KB-8MB, per core.

120
Q

Level 3 Cache

A

Slowest cache, 4MB-50MB, on CPU.

121
Q

Cycles per Second

A

Measured in hertz; indicates instruction speed.

122
Q

1 Hertz (Hz)

A

One cycle per second; one instruction executed.

123
Q

1 Kilohertz (kHz)

A

1,000 cycles per second.

124
Q

1 Megahertz (MHz)

A

1,000,000 cycles per second.

125
Q

1 Gigahertz (GHz)

A

1,000,000,000 cycles per second.

126
Q

Cache Memory

A

Stores frequently used data for quick access.

127
Q

Embedded Systems

A

Specialized computing systems within larger devices.

128
Q

CPU Performance Factors

A

Clock speed, cores, and cache size influence performance.

129
Q

Number of Cores

A

Processing units available in a CPU.

130
Q

Embedded System

A

Computer system for controlling devices.

131
Q

Embedded Computer

A

Single microprocessor with RAM, ROM, and CPU.

132
Q

Reliability of Embedded Systems

A

Typically very reliable, fewer bugs than general systems.

133
Q

General Purpose Machine

A

Can run multiple software programs.

134
Q

Storage in Embedded Systems

A

Programs stored on ROM, not hard drives.

135
Q

Examples of Embedded Systems

A

Satnav, microwave, dishwasher, burglar alarm.

136
Q

Car Embedded Systems

A

Control functions like cruise control and lighting.

137
Q

Performance Ranking

A

Based on clock speed and cache size.

138
Q

CPU Wait Time

A

Reduced by using cache memory effectively.

139
Q

Dual Core Processor

A

Two processing units in a single CPU.

140
Q

Quad Core Processor

A

Four processing units in a single CPU.

141
Q

Processor GHz

A

Frequency indicating processing speed.

142
Q

Embedded Functions in Cars

A

Examples include engine control and infotainment.

143
Q

Digital Device Functionality

A

Dependent on embedded systems for operations.

144
Q

Main Memory

A

Slower than cache, used for data storage.

145
Q

Infotainment Systems

A

Provide entertainment and navigation in vehicles.

146
Q

Engine Control Unit (ECU)

A

Manages engine performance and efficiency.

GCSE Computer science ocr (1 decks)

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