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Chemistry > Crude oil, Fuels and Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Crude oil, Fuels and Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil made of?

A

A complex mixture of hydrocarbons

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2
Q

What are hydrocarbons made of?

A

Compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon atoms only

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2
Q

How was crude oil formed?

A

Fossilisation under pressure and heat at the bottom of the sea from dead marine organisms over millions of years

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3
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

A way of separating out different ‘fractions’ of the oil.

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4
Q

Why does fractional distillation work?

A

The different compounds in crude oil have different boiling points.

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5
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A

The oil is heated causing it to boil and turn into a gaseous mixture and as the vapour rises in the fractionating column it cools.
As it cools the chemicals with higher boiling points will be the first to start to condense.
At various points the condensing liquid is extracted.

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6
Q

In fractional distillation the larger the molecule …

A

The larger the molecule to higher its boiling point will be so the extracted molecules get smaller as you go up.

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7
Q

What do you get out of the fractions?

A

The fractions are not pure chemicals, but a mixture of alkanes with similar boiling points.

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8
Q

What must you do to hydrocarbons before melting/boiling them and why?

A

The molecules of hydrocarbons are held together by intermolecular forces which have to be broken for the hydrocarbon to melt or boil. The longer the hydrocarbon, the more intermolecular forces so more energy is needed to break them.

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9
Q

The increased number of intermolecular forces …

A

The increased number of intermolecular forces also makes the longer chain hydrocarbons more viscous (less easy to pour, thicker liquids)

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10
Q

As chain length increases …

A

Boiling point and melting point increases
Viscosity increases
Colour darkens
Flammability decreases

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11
Q

What must happen for a fuel to burn?

A

For a fuel to burn it must vapourized as it is the vapour that burns.

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12
Q

What makes a fuel easier to transport?

A

It is also useful for a fuel to have a low viscosity so that it can be piped from place to place.

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13
Q

What is collected at the top of the fractional distillation column?

A

Shorter hydrocarbons are collected nearer the top (lower boiling points)

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14
Q

What is collected at the bottom of the fractional distillation column?

A

Longer hydrocarbons are collected near the bottom (higher boiling points)

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15
Q

Economic issues with the oil industry?

A

The price of oil is set by the oil producing countries so poorer countries heavily rely on them.
Wars and internal crisis’ within a country that produces oil can affect the flow of oil to other countries.

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16
Q

Political issues with the oil industry?

A

If a country depends on another country for supply they can hold them by ransom by cutting off their oil supply.

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17
Q

Social issues with the oil industry?

A

The oil industry supplies jobs and money for the economy.

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18
Q

Environmental issues with the oil industry?

A

Burning fossil fuels releases lots of CO₂ and greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere contributing to global warming and climate change.
Buildings are not attractive so ‘spoiling’ areas of countryside.
Oil spillages can result to considerable damage to local wildlife.

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19
Q

What is a combustion reaction?

A

A combustion reaction is a chemical reaction where a substance reacts with oxygen producing heat, light and new products.

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20
Q

When hydrocarbons burn they from?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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21
Q

What can happen if there’s a limited supply of oxygen during combustion and what does it form?

A

If the supply of oxygen is limited then incomplete combustion can occur. This results in the formation of carbon and carbon monoxide as well as carbon dioxide and water.

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22
Q

Why is carbon monoxide bad?

A

Carbon monoxide is poisonous and odourless so it is important to avoid incomplete combustion

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23
Q

What do many fuels contain?

A

Many fuels contain a variety of impurities, most commonly compounds of sulfur.

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24
Q

What does burning fuels result in?

A

The formation of sulfur dioxide which can give rise to acid rain.

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25
Q

What can acid rain lead to?

A

Acid rain can lead to the death of trees and aquatic animals and the erosion of limestone buildings and statues.

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26
Q

How do you work out the energy released by fuels?

A

Energy transferred = Mass of water heated x Temperature rise x 4.2

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27
Q

What is hydrogen as a fuel?

A

Hydrogen is a combustible gas that can be used as a fuel as it produces no greenhouse gases when burned.

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28
Q

What is the chemical formula for hydrogen burning?

A

2H₂ + O₂ -> 2H₂O

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29
Q

What is the word formula for hydrogen burning?

A

Hydrogen + Oxygen -> Water

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30
Q

How is hydrogen made?

A

Hydrogen is mainly made by reacting steam with either coal or natural gas and electrolysis.

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31
Q

Is hydrogen a carbon neutral fuel?

A

No as the use of coal, gas and electricity means that manufacturing hydrogen produces CO₂.

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32
Q

Disadvantage of hydrogen as a fuel? (Burning)

A

Hydrogen is very flammable and can explode so potentially more dangerous.

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33
Q

Disadvantage of hydrogen as a fuel? (Storage)

A

For storage hydrogen must be cooled and compressed then kept in strong tanks, insulated. Liquid hydrogen needs to be kept at -250°C. Petrol and diesel are much easier to store and transport.

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34
Q

What does the fire triangle contain?

A

Oxygen
Fuel
Heat

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35
Q

Removal of oxygen?

A

CO₂ fire extinguishers and fire blankets deprive fire of oxygen.
Fire blankets seal off the fire and once the fire uses up the oxygen it goes out.
CO₂ extinguishers push the oxygen away.

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36
Q

Removal of heat?

A

Putting water on fires removes the heat however, this can’t be used on electrical/oil fires.

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37
Q

Removal of fuel?

A

Fuel resistant materials can ensure any fires that start will quickly stop.

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38
Q

Forest fire occurs what do you do to remove the fuel?

A

Cut down nearby trees.

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39
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking of longer chain hydrocarbons into shorter chains.

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40
Q

What does cracking involve?

A

Heating the hydrocarbons to vapourise them.

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41
Q

What happens to the vapours in cracking?

A

Passed over a hot catalyst of silica or alumina
Mixed with steam and heated to a very high temperature so that thermal decomposition reactions occur.

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42
Q

What does a thermal decomposition cause?

A

Causes covalent bonds to break, splitting long hydrocarbons into multiple smaller ones.

43
Q

What are the products of cracking?

A

Alkanes and unsaturated hydrocarbons called alkenes which are useful for making plastics.

44
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons and contain single bonds only, so they are ‘saturated’ with hydrocarbon.

45
Q

What type of chemical are alkanes?

A

A homologous series of chemicals

46
Q

What does homologous series mean?

A

A series of compounds that have similar properties and the same general formula.

47
Q

What is the formula for alkanes?

A

Cₙ H₂ₙ+₂ (n is the number of carbon atoms)

48
Q

First 5 names of alkanes?

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane

49
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons which have a double bond between two carbon atoms.

50
Q

What type of chemical are alkenes?

A

A homologous series.

51
Q

What can be produced from alkanes by cracking?

A

Alkenes

52
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

Cₙ H₂ₙ

53
Q

What does the presence of a C=C double bond in alkenes mean?

A

That other atoms can be added to the molecule.

54
Q

What type of reaction happens when other atoms are added to an alkene?

A

Additional reaction

55
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

When hydrogen is added to an alkene

56
Q

What is formed when hydrogenation happens?

A

The corresponding alkane is formed.

57
Q

How is hydrogenation carried out?

A

This reaction is carried out by heating the alkene under pressure in the presence of a metallic catalyst.

58
Q

How do you test for alkenes?

A

A chemical test for alkenes is that they turn orange bromine water colourless.

59
Q

What is isomerism?

A

Isomerism is where 2 or more compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formula because the atoms are arranged in a different way. (These compounds are called isomers)

60
Q

What can alkene molecules be assembled together to produce?

A

Polymers

61
Q

What is a plastic?

A

A plastic is any synthetic or semi-synthetic organic polymer.

62
Q

What are the 2 types of plastics?

A

Thermoplastics
Thermosets

63
Q

What is a thermoplastic?

A

Plastics which soften when heated (used for packaging)

64
Q

What is a thermoset?

A

Plastics which are resistant to heat and do not soften or melt when heated (used for saucepan handles)

65
Q

What are thermoplastics made up of?

A

Thermoplastics are made up of polymer chains that are not linked together and so can slide over one another. This makes them easy to melt.

66
Q

What are thermosets made up of?

A

Thermosets have strong cross linkages in between the polymer chains which hold the structure together and make them resistant to heat.

67
Q

How are thermoset plastics made?

A

In a liquid form, then placed in moulds and allowed to set.

68
Q

What are monomers?

A

The small molecules (like ethene) which are used to form polymers.

69
Q

What 2 groups do polymers come in?

A

Addition polymers
Condensation polymers

70
Q

What are addition polymers made of?

A

One type of monomer

71
Q

What are condensation polymers made of?

A

2 or more different types of monomers

72
Q

What can be used to make polymers?

A

Alkenes

73
Q

What are polymers made up of?

A

Many repeating units called monomers

74
Q

Why can alkenes be monomers?

A

They have double bonds that open up to connect to other alkene monomers in a chain.

75
Q

What is polyethene often used for?

A

Plastic bags, bin liners, plastic bottles and hoses/tubes

76
Q

What is polypropylene used for?

A

Automotive parts
Packaging
Piping

77
Q

What is polyvinyl chloride also known as?

A

PVC

78
Q

What is polyvinyl chloride used for?

A

Window/door frames
Water pipes
Electrical insulation

79
Q

What is polytetrafluoroethylene also known as?

A

PTFE

80
Q

What is polytetrafluoroethylene also used for?

A

Non - stick coating for pans
Irons
Wiper blades

81
Q

Environmental impacts of plastics?

A

Polymers are made from alkene monomers which come from crude oil, a fossil fuel.
Many plastics are non-biodegradable and end up in landfill.
When burned they release CO₂

82
Q

What does recycling plastics mean?

A

Less oil is used
Less energy
Less plastic goes to landfill

83
Q

What do alcohols contain?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen (a hydroxyl OH group)

84
Q

What do alcohol names end in?

A

-OL

85
Q

What is the general formula for alcohol?

A

Cₙ H₂ₙ+₁ OH

86
Q

Why is propan-1-OL and propan-2-OL known as positional isomers?

A

The position of the -OH group is different in the 2 isomers.

87
Q

What is the best known alcohol?

A

Ethanol

88
Q

Social impact of alcohol?

A

Causes a number of illnesses e.g. cancer, cardiovascular problems and liver disease.
It’s the third most dangerous lifestyle risk factor after smoking and obesity.

89
Q

Economic impact of alcohol?

A

Tax on alcohol drinks
Provides employment and jobs

BUT alcohol costs the economy due to healthcare and police costs

90
Q

What is yeast?

A

A single-celled fungus

91
Q

What does yeast produce and in what conditions and what is the process called?

A

Yeast produces ethanol from sugar but only in anaerobic conditions. This process is called fermentation.

92
Q

How does fermentation work?

A

The yeast is fed on glucose which converts to ethanol and carbon dioxide.

93
Q

What else is added to fermentation?

A

This reaction is catalysed by enzymes produced by the yeast.

94
Q

What conditions must be met for fermentation?

A

The temperature is kept with a suitable range (25-50°C).
The fermentation tank must be kept sterile.
Oxygen must be kept out otherwise ethanol will not be formed.
CO₂ must be allowed to escape otherwise pressure will build up in the fermenter.

95
Q

Why must temperature during fermentation be kept stable?

A

Any cooler and the enzymes won’t work efficiently, any hotter and they will be destroyed.

96
Q

What is the word equation for fermentation?

A

Glucose -> Carbon dioxide + Ethanol

97
Q

Why can bioethanol be used as a fuel?

A

Ethanol has low viscosity and is flammable so has potential use as a fuel.

98
Q

Advantages of bioethanol?

A

Produced from plant material, ethanol is a renewable resource
Emits less CO₂ on burning than petrol
Carbon neutral fuel

99
Q

Disadvantages of bioethanol?

A

Fossil fuels are used in the production of bioethanol
Less efficient so more is needed to travel the same distance
Large amounts of farmland is used in producing crops
Engines must be altered

100
Q

Why can ethanol be used to make vinegar?

A

Ethanol can be used to make ethanoic acid which is the acid found in vinegar

101
Q

What family of compounds does ethanoic belong to?

A

Carboxylic acids (-COOH)

102
Q

What type of reaction is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid?

A

Oxidation reaction carried out by microorganisms in aerobic conditions.

103
Q

How do you test for alcohols?

A

Add a few drops of sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate solution to the sample being tested. Gently heat. If alcohol is present the solution will change from orange to green. If no alcohol is present the solution will remain orange.

104
Q

What is infrared spectroscopy?

A

Infrared spectroscopy is an experimental technique that can be used in combination with other techniques to work out the structure of a compound or molecule.

105
Q

How does infrared spectroscopy work?

A

Substances are put into an infrared spectrometer and infrared light is shone through them. Different chemical bonds absorb different wavelengths of light.

Chemistry (6 decks)

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