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GCSE Chemistry > Crude oil and organic chemistry > Flashcards

Crude oil and organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons all with different chain lengths (and boiling points).

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2
Q

How is crude oil separated (Proccess)?

A

Through the process of fractional distillation.

1) Heated crude oil is pumped into the fractionating column at 350°C
2) As hydrocarbons move up through the columns, they get cooler and cooler
3) They condensate and are extracted at different levels depending on their chain length.
4) Hydrocarbons with smaller chain lengths and smaller boiling points are extracted towards the top and those with a high chain length/ boiling point are extracted towards the bottom.

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3
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

C(n) H(2n+2)

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4
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

C(n)H(2n)

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5
Q

What is the difference between alkanes and alkenes?

A

Alkanes

  • Fully saturated with hydrogen
  • Single Bonds
  • Mainly used as fuels

Alkenes

  • Unsaturated with hydrogen
  • Contain double bonds
  • Mainly used for plastics (too inefficient to burn)
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6
Q

What is the alkane names from 1-10 carbon atoms?

A

1) Methane (Monkeys)
2) Ethane (Eat)
3) Propane (Proper)
4) Butane (Butter)
5) Pentane
6) Hexane
7) Heptane
8) Octane
9) Nonane
10) Decane

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7
Q

What is the alkene names from 1-10 carbon atoms?

A

1) You need two carbons for a double bond
2) Ethene (Eat)
3) Propene (Proper)
4) Butene (Butter)
5) Pentene
6) Hexene
7) Heptene
8) Octene
9) Nonene
10) Decene

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8
Q

What is an isomer?

A

A two or more molecules with the same molecular formulae but different structural formulae.
The atoms are joined in a different way

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9
Q

What are the isomers for butane?

A

Butane (C₄H₁₀)

2-methylpropane (C₄H₁₀)

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10
Q

What are the isomers for pentane?

A

Pentane
2-methylbutane
2,2-dimethylpropane

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11
Q

What are the isomers for butene?

A

But-1-ene

But-2-ene

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12
Q

What does the “2,2” mean in 2,2-dimethylpropane?

A

Both positions of the branches off the longest chain.

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13
Q

What does “di” mean in 2,2-dimethylpropane?

What are the variations?

A

That there is 2 branches

  • di-2
  • tri-3
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14
Q

What does “methyl” mean in 2,2-dimethylpropane?

A

The chemical formula of the branches with “yl” on the end.
meth-yl= CH₃ (12 carbon, 4 hydrogen)
Eth-yl = C₂H₅

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15
Q

What does “propane” mean in 2,2-dimethylpropane?

A

That it is an alkane and the longest chain length contain 4 carbon atoms.
Prop=4

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16
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A single compound (Alkene) that can join to other monomers to create a chain (polymer).

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17
Q

What is the name of the 2 processes that make alcohol (ethanol)

A

Fermentation

Hydration

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18
Q

What is the main reaction of fermentation?

A

Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂

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19
Q

What are the conditions needed for fermentation?

A
  • Temperature range of 20-40°C
  • Anaerobic (no oxygen)
  • pH range of 4-7
20
Q

What is the chemical formula for ethanol?

A

C₂H₅OH (Ethene - H + OH)

21
Q

What is the chemical process for Hydration?

A

C₂H₄ ­+ H₂O → C₂H₅OH

Ethene + Water → Ethanol

22
Q

What is the catalyst for hydration?

A

Phosphoric Acid

23
Q

What are the uses of Ethanol in Fermentation compared to Hydration?

A

Fermentation
- Making drinkable alcohol

Hydration

  • Drugs
  • Plastic
  • Cosmetics
24
Q

What are the advantages of using fermentation for Ethanol?

A
  • Renewable
  • Lower temperature needed = less energy
  • Non-toxic chemical used (human uses)
25
Q

What are the advantages of using Hydration for Ethanol?

A
  • Higher yield
  • Continuous Process
  • Purer Product
  • Faster Reaction
26
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols (homologous series) ?

A

C(n) H(2n+1)OH

Alkane formula with - 1 Hydrogen + OH

27
Q

What are the names for the first 6 alcohols?

A

1) Methanol (Monkeys)
2) Ethanol (Eat)
3) Propanol(Proper)
4) Butanol (Butter)
5) Pentanol
6) Hexanol

28
Q

What are the isomers for propanol?

A

Propan-1-ol (OH on end)

Propan-2-ol (OH in middle)

29
Q

What is the test for Alcohol?

A

Add acidified potassium dichromate (VI) to the sample + warm.
It will turn orange to green

30
Q

What happens when ethanol is exposed to the air too long?

A

It oxidises and ‘goes off’ - it becomes a carboxylic acid.

31
Q

What is the chemical formula for ethanol that oxidizes?

A

C₂H₅OH + 3O₂ → 2H₂CO₃ + H₂O

32
Q

What are the social and economic risks of alcohol in the UK?

A

Social
- Sparks violence in society
- Alcohol export supports jobs in the UK
- Causes medical condition and mental health problems.
- Alcohol major contributor to of disease and death in the UK
Economic
- Alcohol misuse costs billions for healthcare and police.
- Alcohol export is a billion £ industry in the UK

33
Q

What does incomplete combustion cause?

A

The production of Carbon Monoxide which is odourless and toxic.

34
Q

How do crude oils contribute to acid rain?

A

Many fuels contain impurities, most commonly sulfur. When burning, sulfur dioxide can be released which contributes to the formation of acid rain.

35
Q

What is the 3 polymers to know?

A

Polypropene
Polyvinylchloride (PVC)
Polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE)- AKA- Teflon

36
Q

What are the uses of Polypropene?

A
  • Dishwasher-safe food containers
  • Piping
  • Waterproof carpets
37
Q

What are the uses of PVC?

A

Pipes
Windows/ door frames
Electrical Insulation

38
Q

What are the used for PTFE and what is it also known as?

A

AKA- Teflon

- Non- stick coating for cookware, irons and wiper blades.

39
Q

What are the two types of polymers?

A

Addition Polymers- Formed from only 1 types of monomer

Condensation Polymers- Formed from 2 or more monomers.

40
Q

What are the structural differences to Thermoplastics and thermosets?

A

Thermoplastics- Meshwork of loose chains

Thermosets- Cross linkages between chains

41
Q

What are the properties of hydrocarbons at the top of the fractionating column compared to those at the bottom

A 
Top
- Volatile 
- Efficient combustion 
- Non-viscous
- Clear
Bottom
- Non-volatile 
- Inefficient combustion 
- Viscous 
- Black (Opaque)
42
Q

Why do we carry out cracking?

A

To convert alkanes with long chain lengths into more useful smaller chain alkanes and alkenes (that can form monomers)

43
Q

What are the conditions for cracking?

A
  • VERY high temperature- 600-700°C

- Zeolite catalyst (Silica or Alumina)

44
Q

Why do we use such a high temperature for cracking?

A

So the alkane thermally decomposes into smaller chain length alkanes and alkenes

45
Q

What is the equipment needed in the combustion practical?

A

Thermometer
Calorimeter (Metal (Copper) beaker)
Spirit Burner

46
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using ethanol as a biofuel?

A

Advantages

  • Renewable- produced from plant material such as sugar cane, potatoes or corn
  • Emits less carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and soot than other fuels
  • The plants themselves absorb Carbon Dioxide in photosynthesis

Disadvantages

  • Growing takes up a lot of land (Deforestation)
  • Less efficient than other fuels- more needed to drive same distances
  • Fossil fuels are still used in the production of biofuels
  • Engines cannot use fuel with high concentrations of ethanol without modifications.

GCSE Chemistry (7 decks)

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