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Chemistry 4th form > Crude oil > Flashcards

Crude oil Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil separated into?

A

Hydrocarbon fractions

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2
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Molecules which are made of only carbon and hydrogen

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3
Q

How are the different compounds in crude oil separated?

A

By fractional distillation

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4
Q

How does a fractionating column work?

A

The crude oil is heated until most of it is gas (bottled gas)
The liquid, bitumens, is drained off.

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5
Q

What is the temperature in a fractionating column?

A

Hotter at the bottom (340°) and it gets progressively cooler towards the top (40°)

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6
Q

In a fractionating column, when does each substance condense?

A

When the substances reach a part of the column where the temperature is lower than their boiling point they condense

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7
Q

Do long hydrocarbons have low or high boiling points

A

High boiling points

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8
Q

Where in the fractionating column do longer hydrocarbons condense?

A

They condensed and drain out of the column earlier on, near the bottom

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9
Q

Where in the fractionating column do shorter hydrocarbons condense?

A

They condensed and drain out of the column later on, near the top

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10
Q

What do bubble caps do in the fractionating column?

A

Stop separated liquids from remixing

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11
Q

What is crude oil mixture separated into?

A

Different fractions

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12
Q

What do the hydrocarbons in each fraction have in common?

A

Similar boiling points

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13
Q

Does each fraction contain saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Both saturated and unsaturated

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14
Q

What type of bonds do saturated hydrocarbons have?

A

Single bonds

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15
Q

What type of bonds do unsaturated hydrocarbons have?

A

Double or triple bonds

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16
Q

Name some fractions tapped off a fractionating column

A

Refinery gas
Petrol
Naphtha
Kerosene
Diesel
Oil
Bitumen

17
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons

18
Q

What is the general alkane formula?

A

CnH2n+2

19
Q

What are the first five alkanes?

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane

20
Q

Where do alkanes burn?

A

In combustion reactions

21
Q

What makes up the majority of hydrocarbons in crude oil?

A

Alkanes

22
Q

What do alkanes need in order to combust?

A

A good supply of oxygen

23
Q

What is made when halogens react with alkanes?

A

Haloalkanes

24
Q

What is released when you burn a fuel?

A

Energy in the form of heat

25
Q

Give a reason why hydrocarbons make great fuels

A

They combust when you burn them in oxygen

26
Q

What is the formula for complete combustion?

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

27
Q

What is cracking?

A

Splitting up long chain hydrocarbons
A form of thermal decomposition

28
Q

Name two features of long hydrocarbons

A

High boiling points
Viscous

29
Q

Name two features of shorter hydrocarbons

A

Low boiling points
Thinner and paler in colour

30
Q

is the demand higher for short chain hydrocarbons or long chain hydrocarbons?

A

Short chain hydrocarbons like octane found in petrol

31
Q

What are long chain hydrocarbon split into?

A

More useful molecules

32
Q

What does cracking produce?

A

Alkanes which are used to make polymers

33
Q

What conditions are needed for cracking?

A

Heat, plus a catalyst

34
Q

In industry, at what temperature are vaporised hydrocarbons passed over a powdered catalyst?

A

600°-700° C

35
Q

Give two examples of a catalyst used in cracking?

A

Silica SiO2
Alumina Al2O3

Chemistry 4th form (6 decks)

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