CRST - Applied Fundamentals Flashcards
Loss
harm to people; damage to equipment or property; destruction of material
accident
an undesired event that results in loss. Other adjectives commonly used are an unplanned, unexpected, or unintended event
hazard
a condition or practice with the potential for accidental loss
risk
the chance of loss when exposed to a hazard. risk includes element of probability, including the degree of exposure and the severity (consequences) of exposure
Danger
relative exposure of people to a hazard. It suggests that there is a definite chance of harm, but the hard in not always certain
safety
the control of recognized hazards to attain an acceptable level of risk. relative protection from exposure to the hazard
accident has been replaced with?
incident
incident refers to both
loss producing events and events with the potential for loss
hazard analysis
the examination of information to estimate the risk to individuals, property, etc for the purpose of eliminating or controlling the hazard
systemic hazard analysis can and should be applied to
any potential loss exposure
hazard analysis involves 2 steps
- hazard identification and evaluation
2. Risk analysis
A well-managed inspection program can meet the following goals
- identify potential problems
- identify equipment deficiencies
- identify improper employee actions
- identify effects of change
- identify inadequacies in remedial action
- provide management information
- demonstrate management commitment
3 risk pryamids
- Heinrich ratio
- first bird ratio
- second bird ratio
who should conduct an investigation?
first line supervision
There are a number of ways to analyze and evaluate the causes of an incident. what are they?
- accident causation model
2. accident theory
two types of causes? and what are they?
- immediate cause (unsafe conditions/practices)
2. underlying root cause - that contributed to the existence of those immediate causes
Accident causation models …
are an attempt to present the underlying premises of the theory in an easy to understand way
psychological/behavior models focus on
stress and human error
Accident proneness theory
theory assumes that there are certain personal characteristics that make some people more likely to have accidents.
The more rich the climate n rewarding opportunities, the higher the level if alertness, the higher the level of work quality, and the lower the probability of accidents, this theory would be
The goals freedom alertness theory
It shows that accidents or incidents are the result of some combination of human error and system failure, this theory is?
The Petersen accident-incident causation model
Modern loss causation models illustrate the following principals
- multiple causes
- multilinear interaction of causes and effects
- multiple opportunities for control
3 measures of central tendency
the mode,, median and mean
safety performance is…
relative
severity rate equation
severity rate = total days lost X 200,000 man hours / exposure hours
2 basic approaches to task analysis
- observation and discussion
2. discussion alone
CRST competencies also describe the following as additional methods of hazard analysis
- material/process flow - flow or movement from raw to finished
- process - hazards that evolve as a result of the work
- process safety - chemicals, manufacturing or other “processes-orientated” industrial operations
StD concept applies
risk management principals at the design stage
“TQM” stands for
Total quality Management
“StD” stands for
Safety Through Design
A CRST should be able to define the nature of hazards likely to be encountered within the scope of work and should review bid proposals to ensure contracts being awarded provide for adequate safeguards against those hazards and effective OHS management - This would describe
Procurement during contracting
Management control of losses (ISMEC) is?
Overall control of losses by management
5 progressive steps in the ISMEC
- identification of the work
- standards
- Measurement
- Evaluation
- Commendation and correction
Hierarchy of controls is
an order of effectiveness of hazard control
Hierarchy of controls
- eliminate hazard/risk through system design and redesign
- reduce risks by substituting less-hazardous methods or materials
- incorporate engineering controls
- provide warning and alerting technique
- administer controls
- PPE
“Fire prevention” addresses…
the methods in which hazardous materials could be subjected to unintended reactions.
guard openings - to maintain a definitely safe zone beyond a 3/8 in. opening, the opening must be no more than
1/4 inch (6 mm) wide within 1 1/2 inch (38mm) of the danger point
Point of operation safeguarding methods
- enclosure or barrier
- automatic or semi-automatic feed
- hand removal or restraint
- two-hand trip
“is hazardous in varying degree”
All mechanical action or motion
actions or motions that are the most hazardous
- rotating, reciprocating and transverse motions
- in running nip points
- cutting actions
- punching, shearing and bending
Nip points or bites defined as
is a hazardous area created by two or more mechanical parts rotating in opposite directions within the same plane and in close interaction
energy sources can be
electrical, pneumatic, steam, hydraulic, chemical or thermal
4 types of hearing protection are
- enclosure to entire head (eg. fighter pilot helmet)
- aural inserts
- supernatural protectors - canal caps
- circumaural protectors - ear muffs
“Fall protection” is defined as
a means of preventing workers from experiencing disastrous falls from elevation
Fall Protection can be
active or passive
active fall protection is
components and systems that require some manipulation by the workers to make the fall protection effective.
passive fall protection is
components and systems such as nets that do not require any action on the worker part.
CSA approved foot wear offers in combination or alone
- toe protection
- puncture resistant
- metatarsal
- electrical
- chainsaw
Electrical definitions:
current
voltage
resistance
equation
current - total volume of water flowing past a certain point in a given length of time
voltage - pressure in the pipe
resistance - a blockage in the water pipe
Ohm’s law = I = V/R
Bonding & Grounding
bonding - neutralizing the differences between separated metal objects by means of conductive path
grounding - providing connection to “earth” or equivalent zero potential
Hot wire
black, brings electrical current from the service panel
neutral wire
white, returns electrical current to service panel
Ground wire
green, connects all metal parts of a circuit
GFCI
Ground Fault Circuit Indicator
Guards and limit switches
upper limit switch - preventing hoisting the load blocks at the sheaves
lower limit switch - block enters a pit with limited pit
load limit switch - prevent overloading
Types of cranes
- overhead travelling - travel on overhead rails
- gantry - rails at ground
- derrick - a-frame, stiff leg, guy, gin pole
- tower - construction of buildings
- mobile - telescopic (hydraulic), lattice boom
powered industrial trucks may be classified by
power sources, operator position or means of engaging the load
portable power tools are divided into five groups by power source:
electrical, pneumatic (air), gas, hydraulic and powder actuated
hazardous by-product from welding processes are:
fumes, gases and smoke
Emphysema
loss of elasticity of the lunch
“Chemical Process Document” containing the following contents:
- general - assessment of hazards
- process design - block/flow diagrams
- mechanical - piping and instrumentation diagrams
several established methods used in the chemical process industry - 4 commonly used are
- hazard surveys
- process checklists
- HAZOP
- safety review
The most common incident underlying causes for confined spaces are:
insufficient preparation and lack of procedures for entry
Definition of confined space
any enclosed or partly enclosed space not designed for continuous human occupancy that has limited means of entry and exit and that may contain a hazardous atmosphere or other potential hazards for a worker entering it.
Major components of a fall arrest system
anchor points, full-body harness, lanyards, shock absorber, lifeline, rescue equipment
