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Edexcel Geography (AS) > Crowded Coasts > Flashcards

Crowded Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is Lyme Regis located?

A

West Dorset, Jurassic Coastline

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2
Q

What SMP is Lyme Regis part of?

A

Lyme Bay and South Devon SMP

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3
Q

What sediment cell is Lyme Regis?

A

Sediment Cell 6 from Portland Bill to Land’s End

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4
Q

What is the rate of coastal erosion at Lyme Regis?

A

0.6m per year

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5
Q

Where is Black Ven relative to Lyme Regis?

A

North East

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6
Q

When did Black Ven undergo a significant landslip event and how much land did it lose?

A

400m lost from Black Ven in 2008

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7
Q

What rock types are present in Lyme Regis?

A

Lower Cretaceous and Jurassic

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8
Q

Describe how rock type and geology/topography is a major issue for Lyme Regis.

A

The less resistant clays sit on top of more resistant limestone on a horizontally dipped bedding plane. During periods of heavy rainfall, lubrication results in slippage along this bedding plane.

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9
Q

How many properties are at risk of coastal retreat in Lyme Regis?

A

170

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10
Q

What other event signifies that coastal erosion is a major issue in Lyme Regis?

A

Subsidence in Langmoor + Lister Garden car parks.

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11
Q

How much sand was imported for beach replenishment in Lyme Regis? Where from?

A

240,000 tonnes from Normandy

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12
Q

How was the land behind the beach at Lyme Regis stabilised to prevent cliff collapse?

A

1,000 deep-bored pins + planting schemes for biological stabilisation

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13
Q

What was done to The Cobb in Lyme Regis?

A

Cobb extended with multiple 18-tonne boulders (imported from Norway) known as Beacon Rocks.

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14
Q

What was been done in central Lyme Regis to protect the coastline?

A

There is a new masonry jetty and a new promenade/sea wall.

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15
Q

What is the most recent major coastal defence project to have taken place in Lyme Regis? How big is it? How much did it cost? Who helped pay for it?

A

A 390m sea wall was built for £19.5m using £14.6m from DEFRA and £600k from West Dorset District Council.

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16
Q

What is the total value of property in Lyme Regis?

A

£94m

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17
Q

What did they do in Lyme Regis to reduce sediment starvation at Black Ven?

A

They realigned the north wall rockery to allow the sediment to move west to east over to Black Ven.

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18
Q

How properties does Lyme Regis have?

A

532 properties in Lyme Regis

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19
Q

What is the total cost of coastal defences in Lyme Regis?

A

£33m

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20
Q

What is the benefit to cost ratio in Lyme Regis?

A

6 to 1

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21
Q

Where is Swanage?

A

South East Dorset

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22
Q

What SMP is Swanage part of?

A

Poole and Christchurch Two Bays SMP

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23
Q

What is Swanage’s sediment cell?

A

Sediment Cell 5 from Portland Bill to Selsey Bill

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24
Q

What is the benefit to cost ratio expected by DEFRA?

A

DEFRA expect a benefit to cost ratio of 5 to 1.

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25
Q

How much material is lost to coastal erosion each year and which organisation produced this figure?

A

Halcrow Group, an engineering firm, estimate 500 cubic metres are being lost from Swanage each year.

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26
Q

What type of rock is Swanage built upon?

A

Swanage is built on top of Wealden Clay cliffs.

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27
Q

What sub-aerial and mass movement processes make Swanage’s coast vulnerable?

A
  • Wealden Clay cliffs
  • Gullying (flowing water erodes soil)
  • Groundwater seepage (water seeps out the ground to provide lubrication)
  • This results in translational slides
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28
Q

Give an incidence of cliff collapse in Swanage.

A

In 2012 a collapse on the Wealden Clay cliffs resulted in The Pine Hotel losing 15m of land as well as its beer garden.

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29
Q

When was Swanage’s sea wall built?

A

1920s

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30
Q

How many groynes does Swanage have? When were they first built?

A

Swanage has 18 groynes that were first built in the 1930s

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31
Q

How much sand was imported for beach replenishment in Swanage? Where from?

A

128,000 cubic metres of sand imported from Poole Harbour

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32
Q

How have the cliffs been stabilised in Swanage?

A

12 metre soil nails have been placed in cliff around area of The Pine Hotel and Grand Hotel

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33
Q

How has the risk of translational slides been reduced in Swanage?

A

Cliff regrading has taken place to reduce gradient/steepness of topography and therefore reduce risk of slides.

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34
Q

What happened to Swanage’s groynes? When and how much?

A

In 2006, 18 groynes were rebuilt with fresh timber using £2.2m.

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35
Q

What is the total cost of defences in Swanage?

A

£5m

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36
Q

How many properties/hotels does Swanage have that are at risk from coastal erosion?

A

84 properties and 4 hotels

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37
Q

What is the total value of land/property protected by Swanage’s coastal defences?

A

£35m

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38
Q

When was ICZM first established? Where was it established? In what report and sub-section?

A

ICZM was born in the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro and specifically defined in Chapter 21 of the UNDP.

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39
Q

How much rainfall did Swanage experienced in the Winter 2012 that contributed to landslides?

A

160mm

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40
Q

What major urban site is Studland close to?

A

The conurbation of Poole and Bournemouth

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41
Q

How biodiverse is Studland?

A

Richest 1,000 hectares of wildflower in the UK, as well as all six reptile species

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42
Q

How can tourists easily get to Studland?

A

£3.80 ferry from sand banks

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43
Q

What is the rate of coastal erosion on the southern half of the Studland peninsula?

A

Losing 1m a year

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44
Q

What is the rate of coastal deposition on the northern half of the Studland peninsula?

A

Gaining 1.5m a year

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45
Q

What is the official policy of the National Trust at Studland?

A

Managed re-alignment to prevent disruption of coast’s dynamic equilibrium

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46
Q

What term describes Studland’s role in the local economy.

A

Honeypot site

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47
Q

How many visitors does Studland receive each year?

A

1.5 million visitors a year

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48
Q

How many people does the National Trust employ full time at Studland?

A

56 people

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49
Q

How many people does the National Trust employ during Summer at Studland?

A

120 people

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50
Q

How does Studland’s cafe help the local economy?

A
  • Stocks from local suppliers such as Purbeck Icecream

- Multiplier effect

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51
Q

How many car parks does Studland have?

A

Four

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52
Q

How many beach huts does Studland have?

A

300

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53
Q

How much does the National Trust rent its beach huts for at Studland?

A

£890 per year

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54
Q

What is the name of Studland’s oil field?

A

Wytch Farm Oil Field

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55
Q

Who operates Studland’s oil field?

A

Perenco (previously operated by BP)

56
Q

How many people does Wytch Oil Field employ and how many barrels of oil does it produce?

A

440 people at 15,000 barrels a day

57
Q

How was the potential conflict between the Wytch Oil Field and environment/tourism reduced?

A
  • Machinery painted brown
  • Extraction columns split in two for lower height
  • Gas vessels embedded into ground
  • Hot oil used over water so no visible steam
  • Coniferous forest planted to hide field
  • Site will be completely dissembled in 2037
58
Q

What fire event recently caused major damage in Studland?

A

In April 2010, a fire destroyed 10 hectares of heathland.

59
Q

How has the National Trust managed fire risk at Studland?

A
  • Barbecue zones

- Signs with warnings

60
Q

On a busy weekend, how much litter does Studland accumulate?

A

4,500 kg

61
Q

What percentage of visitors in Studland travel by car?

A

90%

62
Q

How has the problem of congestion been managed by the National Trust at Studland?

A
  • Capacity of car parks increased by 800 spaces in 2010

- NT encourages people to use Sandbanks Ferry

63
Q

What habitat is destroyed by boat anchors at Studland? Which species does this hurt?

A

Seagrass meadows are scraped up for anchors. This habitat is vital for Studland’s spiny-tailed seahorses (vulnerable on ICUN Red List)

64
Q

What stage is the National Trust purposefully maintaining the sand dune system at in Studland? Why?

A

Pagioclimax - this is the stage whereby humans stop the sand dune from succeeding further. The NT do this in Studland to maintain the specific heathland for its rare reptile species.

65
Q

What evidence suggests that Studland’s sand dunes are under pressure?

A

Lyme grass, the first coloniser species in the system, is returning to some sand dunes. This suggests the system is under pressure and is regressing to earlier stages.

66
Q

By how much do scientists predict sea levels will rise by 2080?

A

86cm

67
Q

What event happened in 1953? What damage did it cause?

A
  • 1953 North Sea flood caused by storm surge
  • £1.2bn in damage
  • 224 deaths
  • 24,000 properties damaged
68
Q

How much has salt marsh territory decreased over the past 25 years?

A

Salt marshes have receded by 40% over the last 25 years

69
Q

What construction projects are planned for the Thames Gateway?

A
  • Construction of 160,000 new homes
  • New airport planned to be built on salt marsh
  • New university campus and shopping mall
70
Q

How much would an ‘outer’ barrier to protect the Thames Gateway cost?

A

£20bn

71
Q

What alternative option is there to prevent flooding in the Thames Gateway?

A

Managed re-alignment (see Abbott’s Hall Farm)

72
Q

In how many places was the sea wall at Abbott’s Hall Farm breached? When did this happen?

A

5 separate places in 2002

73
Q

What process is occurring in the UK that means sea levels are rising in South East England?

A

Glacial isostatiac adjustment (glaciostasy) whereby the melting of ice in Scotland is causing a rebound/uplift in the north and a ‘sinking’ in the south.

74
Q

When was the Abbott’s Hall Farm sea wall first build? And why?

A

300 years ago to reclaim land

75
Q

What were the two main consequences of managed re-alignment at Abbott’s Hall Farm?

A
  • 200 acres of mudflat and salt marsh created

- Pressure reduced on sea wall at Blackwater Estuary

76
Q

What action did the government take regarding a Severn Barrage in 2008?

A

Government launched a Tidal Power Feasibility Study that investigated all the proposals for tidal power on the Severn.

77
Q

How much would a Cardiff-Weston tidal barrage cost?

A

£20bn

78
Q

How many seabirds rely on the Severn Estuary’s mudflats and salt marshes?

A

65,000 sea birds (10 of national importance)

79
Q

What percentage of UK trade happens from the Severn Estuary’s docks?

A

3%

80
Q

What is the size of the Great Barrier Reef?

A

340,000 square kilometres

81
Q

How many types of fish rely on the Great Barrier Reef?

A

1,500 species

82
Q

How many species of birds rely on the Great Barrier Reef?

A

215 species

83
Q

How many tourists does the Great Barrier Reef attract each year? How much money does this generate each year?

A

2 million tourists generating $5bn in Australian dollars

84
Q

How much money does the Great Barrier Reef produce in fishing each year?

A

$1bn

85
Q

What percent of coral reefs have been irreversibly damaged in the Great Barrier Reef?

A

30% damaged

86
Q

What is the main cause of damage at the Great Barrier Reef?

A

Agriculture chemicals cause increase in algae population, increasing the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) in the water and therefore killing the coral.

87
Q

What is the population of Poole?

A

150,000

88
Q

In 1900, how many workers in Poole were employed in the natural harbour?

A

90%

89
Q

How big is Poole’s natural harbour?

A

Largest in Europe

90
Q

What is the historical reason for Poole being a crowded coast?

A

It was a mercantile shipping port used in the 1700s and had more ships trading with North America than any other English port.

91
Q

In 2000, what percentage of people in Poole worked in the natural harbour?

A

20%

92
Q

What ferries run from Poole?

A
  • Tourist routes to places such as Brownsea Island

- Cross-channel ferries to Cherbourg in France.

93
Q

What is Bournemouth’s population?

A

183,000

94
Q

Between 1995 and 2008, by what percent did Bournemouth’s population grow?

A

6.4%

95
Q

What is the name of the conurbation of Poole and Bournemouth?

A

South East Dorset Conurbanation

96
Q

When and why did Bournemouth become a popular resort in the 1800s?

A

Bournemouth West railway station constructed in 1874 opened up the resort to Londoners.

Population rose from 17,000 to 60,000 by 1900 as a result.

97
Q

Give an example of Bournemouth shifting toward a tertiary sector economy.

A

Barclays Bank has an IT centre based in the town.

98
Q

What is the average temperature in Florida?

A

75 degree fahrenheit

99
Q

How many miles of beach does Florida have?

A

663 miles

100
Q

What is the annual value of saltwater fishing in Florida?

A

$7.6bn

101
Q

What national park is located on the Florida coastline?

A

Everglades National Park

102
Q

What endangered species is located in Florida’s Evergdlades National Park

A

The Florida Panther

103
Q

In the 1970s, by what percent did Florida’s population grow?

A

16%

104
Q

What percentage of people in Flordia live by the coast?

A

75%

105
Q

What is the total value of coastal property in Florida?

A

$1.9 trillion

106
Q

How much has the Florida Everglades shrunk?

A

80%

107
Q

What secondary source would you use to find geological data on Swanage (e.g. topographical, or geological maps)?

A

British Geographical Society (www.bgs.ac.uk)

108
Q

What secondary source would you use to access census data and other government collected statistics?

A

Office of National Statistics (www.ons.gov.uk)

109
Q

What secondary source would you use to find crime statistics?

A

www.police.uk

110
Q

What secondary source would you use to discover the SMP’s strategy for managing Swanage?

A

Poole and Christchurch SMP (www.twobays.net)

111
Q

What website would you use to find historical documents and information from Swanage?

A

wwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk

112
Q

What website would you use to find historical maps to compare with our current choropleth land use map?

A

www.old-maps.co.uk

113
Q

In our stratified questionnaire of Swanage, how many people were sampled?

A

62

114
Q

What was the mean score for the question ‘Do you think Swanage has improved over last 50 yrs?’

A

6.6 (with 0 being got worse and 10 being massively improved)

115
Q

What was the mean score for the question ‘Do you think the coastal defences are effective in defending Swanage?’

A

6.4 (with 0 being not effective and 10 being perfectly effective)

116
Q

What was the mean score for the question ‘How attractive do you think the coastal defences are?’

A

6.3 (with 0 being unattractive and 10 being very attractive)

117
Q

In 1902, what the biggest part of Swanage’s economy as evidenced by the 1902 OS map?

A

Mining - specifically, the mining and exporting of Purbeck Limestone.

This is evidenced by the appearance of tram lines on the 1902 OS map (old-maps.co.uk) and old photographs (nationalarchives.gov.uk)

118
Q

According to Dorset County Council’s Purbeck Labour Market Profile, what percentage of people in Swanage work in ‘distribution, accommodation and food’? What does this suggest?

A

39%

Suggests shift toward tertiary sector

119
Q

What are the limitations of our choropleth land use mapping?

A
  • Single plane view means multi-story buildings with multi-functions not taken into account.
  • Some buildings have mixed functions, so can’t be put in single category
120
Q

In December 2010, how many crimes were reported in Swanage? In July 2015, how many crimes were reported in Swanage? What does this suggest?

A

75 reported in 2010, and just 55 reported in 2015.

This suggests fall in crime, but might not be reliable as crime varies month to month.

121
Q

According to Rightmove.co.uk, how much have property prices risen in Swanage between 2007 and 2014?

A

10% increase in average hosue prices

122
Q

According to a Met Office investigation and report, why has cliff stabilisation failed in Swanage?

A
  • Cliffs owned by 70 different landowners, so can’t co-ordinate defences.
  • Parts of cliff (e.g. Sheps Hollow) are SSSI so cannot be hard engineered.
123
Q

In our sediment measurements eitherside of each of the groynes, what was the result? What can we infer?

A
  • 95% of groynes had greater sediment build-up on southern side of groyne
  • Shows groynes are effective at trapping sediment being transported by LSD (as prevailing wind direction south to north)
124
Q

What was anomolous about our longshore drift surveys (using flotation devices)?

A

80% of the tests had the device move from north to south.

The prevailing wind direction is usually the opposite.

125
Q

In our questionnaires, what specific type of scale was used?

A

Likert

126
Q

Who is Mike Goater?

A

Chief Engineer at Purbeck District Council and co-author of the 2007 Christchurch and Poole SMP

127
Q

What secondary source was useful for finding out about presence of any indicator species such as Dartford Warblers in Studland?

A

www.birdforum.net

This site showed someone who found a Dartford Warbler in August 2014.

128
Q

Who did we interview from the National Trust at Studland? What did he say the management strategy was?

A

Stewart Rainbird - managed re-alignment

129
Q

What website can be used to find out about the vulnerability of a species?

A

icunredlist.org

130
Q

What source can be used to find out about the management strategy at Studland?

A

www.nationaltrust.org.uk

131
Q

What source can be used to find out about the current Marine Conservation Zone status of Studland?

A

www.dorsetwildlifetrust.org.uk

132
Q

Who did we interview from Wytch Farm Oilfield to find about the oil field at Studland?

A

Dr Suzie Baverstock, communications officer for Wytch Farm Oil Field

133
Q

What did our vegetation cover surveys show about dune damage in Studland? What do this suggest?

A

Vegetation cover consistently until 70m from highwater mark, at which point it drops to just 30% cover. But, returns to high percentage at 80 metres.

This suggests damage has been effectively concentrated in single spots by the National Trust (e.g. by using roped fencing)

134
Q

What did our litter survey show in Studland?

A

Very low/non-existent quantities of litter

135
Q

What plant species did we discover on some of the dunes? What does this indicate?

A

Lyme grass was found on some dunes, indicating they are under pressure as lyme grass is the first coloniser species. It’s re-appearance suggests dunes are regressing to earlier stage.

Edexcel Geography (AS) (4 decks)

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