Cross sectional anatomy and pathology Flashcards
what is a tumor
abnormal growth of tissues. can be malignant or benign
What is cancer
uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
What is carcinogenesis?
development of cancer in the body
What is a primary cancer?
malignant neoplasm which originated in the organ in which it is growing
What is metastatic cancer?
cancer that has spread from the place where it originated to another place in the body
What is an infection
invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissue
What is inflammation
an accumulation of fluid in the tissues of an organ or body structures
what is a hematoma
accumulation to blood outside of a blood vessel
what is a laceration
a tear in the body of the organ and results in a hematoma and infarction
what dose infarction mean
loss of blood supply to an organ or region of tissue
what is a cyst
abnormal sac-like structure filled with fluid, gas, or semi-solids
what is an aneurysm
abnormal enlargement of a blood vessel
what does a suture stand for
joint between 2 cranial bones
Sagittal suture runs from the _________ to ________ while separating the ___________
frontal bones, occipital bone
right and left parietal bone
coronal suture divides the
frontal and parietal bones
lambdoidal suture divides the
occipital and parietal bones
sphenoid bone touches
every cranial bone
sella turcica houses
the pituitary gland
What is a skull fracture
break in the skull
What is the most common type of skull fracture
linear skull fracture
what is a depressed skull fracture
fracture that “caves into cranial cavity” is comminuted
What is a basilar skull fracture and what is it associated with
type of linear fracture at the base of the skull and is associated with tears in dura mater and CFS leaking
What is a ping pong skull fracture
greenstick fracture where the bones is bent and not broken
What is a zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture
separation of zygomatic bone or zygoma from the rest of the face, maxillary sinus and wall of orbit
What is a Lefort fracture
“floating face” fracture
meningiomas:
benign or malignant?
location?
benign
periphery of the brain
pituitary adenomas:
location?
effects?
benign or malignant?
pituitary gland
causes distress and hormonal imbalances
benign
Acoustic neuromas:
AKA
benign or malignant
location
acoustic schwannomas or vestibular schwannomas
benign
located on the schwann cells of the vestibule portion of the 8th cranial nerve
Astrocytomas:
aka
benign or malignant
glioblastomas
malignant
medulloblastomas:
benign or malignant
location
malignant
presents as midline masses on roof of 4th ventricle
Subdural hemorrhage:
appears as
new or coagulated blood on the surface of the brain that follows the contour of the brain
epidural hemorrhage:
appears as
crescent shaped blood on the surface of the brain that protrudes inward
subarachnoid hemorrhage
bleeding around the circle of willis caused by ruptured aneurysm
intercranial hemorrhage
hemorrhagic stroke
what is a stroke
loss of brain functions sue to a disturbance in the blood flow to the brain
what is an ischemic stroke
limited blood flow, thrombosis, embolism, or stenosis
what is a hemorrhagic stroke caused by
intracranial bleeding, ruptured vessel
What is an arterial venous malformation
artery grows directly into vein. looks like a web
brain Abscess:
what is it
aka
appears as
localized infection
cerebritis
appears as walled rim-enhancing cavity filled with fluid or gas
encephalitis:
what is it
appears as
inflammation of the brain
appears as localized or diffuse areas of inflammation
meningitis:
what is it
appears as
inflammation of meninges
appears as localized or diffuse areas of inflammation
hydrocephalus
what is it
appears as
abnormal CSF volume
appears as excessive CSF accumulation in the ventricles
arachnoid cyst
abnormal sac of CSF
Pulmonary metastasis
looks like
multiple enhancing tumors throughout the lungs
primary lung cancer:
looks like
single enhancing lesion
pneumonia:
what is it?
looks like?
infection in the lungs
visualized as poorly defined fluid collections
Tuberculosis:
what is it?
looks like?
lung infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
visualized like pneumonia, may cause cavity formation
emphysema:
what is it?
looks like?
destruction and enlargement of air spaces
looks like hyperventilation and abnormal “blebs”
interstitial lung disease:
what is it?
looks like?
scarring and deformation of lung tissue
looks like emphysema through the lungs
what is the pleural cavity?
space between the lungs and ribs filled with a tiny bit of fluid to reduce friction
pleural effusion:
what is it?
looks like?
fluid in pleural cavity
looks like fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity
Hemothorax:
what is it?
look like?
blood in pleural cavity
looks like pleural effusion but associated with trauma
pneumothorax:
what is it?
looks like?
air in the pleural cavity
looks like air in pleural cavity with no lung markings
pericardial effusion:
what is it
excess fluid in the pericardial sac
cardiomegaly:
what is it?
Causes?
enlarged heart
CHF, Hypertension, vascular disease
myxoma:
what is it?
looks like?
benign tumor in heart
appears as filling defect in left atrium
pulmonary embolism:
what is it?
looks like?
blood clot from pulmonary arteries
looks like filling deffect
Coronary artery disease
what is it?
evaluation method?
progressive narrowing to coronary arteries
common to evaluate vessels by creating cured reformats so vessels are all in one plane
Crohn’s disease
what is it?
appears as?
idiopathic inflammation of bowel
appears as thickening of the bowel walls and fat stranding
bowel obstruction
what is it?
appears as?
occlusion of bowel
appears as bowel dilation
Colorectal cancer:
what is it?
looks like?
carcinoma of the large bowel
appears as a mass growing on bowel wall
Colitis:
what is it?
appears as?
inflammation of the large bowel
appears as bowel thickening
Appendicitis:
what is it?
look like?
inflammation of appendix
appears as inflammation in RLQ
Primary liver cancer:
enhancement phase?
appears as?
arterial
appears as an enhancing lesion
metastatic liver cancer:
enhancement phase?
appears as?
venous phase
multiple enhancements that originate from outside the liver
liver hemangioma:
what is it?
enhancement phase?
benign vascular tumor
delayed phase enhancement
liver laceration:
what is it?
appears as?
tear (fracture) through liver tissue
appears as abnormal contrast enhancement following trauma
spleen laceration:
what it it?
appears as?
tear or fracture through the spleen tissue
appears as abnormal contrast enhancement following trauma
spleen lymphoma:
what is it?
looks like?
lymphoma lesions in the spleen
appears as low intensity tumors
pancreatitis:
what is it?
appears?
inflammation of the pancreas
looks like pancreas enlargement with reactive fluid (ascites) or stranding
pancreatic cancer:
what is it?
appears as?
ductal adenocarcinoma
appears as low intensity mass in pancreatic head
polycystic kidney disease
what is it?
look like?
many cysts on kidney
Wilms tumor
what is it?
target audience?
looks like?
malignant kidney mass
mostly children
mass is very large and unilateral
renal laceration
tear or fracture in tissues due to trauma
spine compression fractures
collapsed vertebral body
spine subluxation
slight dislocation or misalignment of vertebrae
spondylolisthesis
forward slipping of a vertebrae to the vertebrae below it
spinal stenosis
narrowing of the spinal canal as a result of various causes
ankylosing spondylitis
autoimmune condition that causes inflammation and union of spine
spina bifida
incomplete closure of the vertebral canal
spinal nerves may or not hernia through the opening
tethered cord
what is it?
looks like?
abnormal tissue attachments of the spinal cord
visualized as extension of the conus medullaris below L2
