Cross Module Eg Immunology, Law Flashcards
What is the function of type I interferons?
Interfere with virus growth
Type 1 interferons
Interferons alpha and beta - first line of defence in viral infections.
- Inhibit protein synthesis.
- Make infected cells present from MHC class I.
- Activate NK cells.
What is the function of type II interferons?
Type II interferon - interferon gamma
Activate macrophages
Activates T helper cells
(Key cytokine in TH1 response)
What do colony stimulating factors do?
Mediate growth and differentiation of immature leukocytes in the bone marrow.
Eg. M-CSF, G-CSF, GM-CSF
Chemokines - what do they do? Are they big of small?
Small.
Induce the movement of leukocytes along concentration gradient.
Induce chemo taxis - cell movement along gradient of soluble factors.
What is a cytokine related disease?
Suggest symptoms
Septic shock
Cytokine storm - overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines
Dilation of blood vessels, leakage of fluid into body tissues, perturbation of blood supply, tissue injury, widespread blood clotting, organ failure.
Symptoms - fever, circulatory collapse, DIC, haemorrhaging necrosis - multiple organ failure.
Also:
Spanish influenza
SARS
Bird flu
Covid-19
Side effects of cytokine based therapies?
Increased risk of infection
Increased risk of malignancy
Short half life / usually frequent administration
Side effects eg infusion reaction
Because immune system is dampened down
Give an example of cytokine based therapies in use
Adalimumab (aka Humira) - monoclonal antibody against TNF-a receptor, for RA or Crohn’s disease
What is the function of TNF-a?
What are anti-TNF medications used for? Give an example
Key regulatory of inflammatory response produced by activated macrophages
Anti TNFs used in treatment of inflammatory conditions
Adalimumab, (Humira), Etanercept, infliximab
What are the 5 types of cytokines?
Do cytokines operate over large or small distances?
What cells secrete cytokines?
Small distances.
Cytokines secreted by T Helper cells, dendritic cells and macrophages.
General functions of cytokines?
What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity reaction? Acronym for remembering them?
ACID
Type 1 - Allergic
Type 2 - Cytotoxic
Type 3 - Immune complex
Type 4 - Delayed
What cells are involved in type 1 hypersensitivity reactions?
IgE
Th2 cells
Mast cells, basophils, histamine
What are some examples of type 1 hypersensitivity reactions?
Asthma
Hay fever
Eczema
Food allergies
Anaphylaxis
Type 2 hypersensitivity reactions are usually against what type of blood cell? What immunoglobulins involved?
Red blood cells
IgM or IgG
Type 2 = cytotoxic
What are some examples of type 2 hypersensitivity reactions?
(Type 2 = cytotoxic)
- incompatible blood transfusions - ABO blood group reactivity - complement mediated lysis - haemolysis
- haemolytic disease of the newborn (Rhesus Rh D antigens) problems occur in 2nd and subsequent pregnancies in RhD negative mother
- drug induced haemolytic anaemia
- autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
And see table
How are type 2 and 3 hypersensitivity reactions different?
Like type 2 except antibodies are directed against soluble antigens
Give some examples of type 3 hypersensitivity reactions
See below.
Also rheumatoid disorders eg SLE, Sjogren’s, HSP
Vasculitis reactions to vaccinations
Inhaled antigens eg farmers lung
What is type 4 sensitivity?
What is it mediated by?
Delayed type
T cells
What are each of the types I-IV hypersensitivity reactions mediated by?
See photo
Plus NB. Type 2 - directed against surface antigens
Type 3 - directed against soluble antigens
Name some antibiotic classes and an example from each class, that disrupt protein synthesis?
Name some antibiotics that work by disrupting DNA synthesis?
Name some antibiotics that work by disruption DNA replication?
Name two examples of antibiotics that treat each of the following
- gram positive bacteria
- gram negative bacteria
- both
What are the most likely causative organisms in the following sites?
- skin infection
- UTI
- Abdominal infection
- ventilator associated pneumonia
What are the four sites antibiotics work on? (Cellularly)
What are the things to consider when choosing an appropriate antibiotic?
Give examples of antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis?
What antibiotics act on the bacterial cell membrane?
What cytokines cause fever?
These are known as?
Produced by?
Travel to?
What effects?
IL-1(beta), IL-6 and TNF-alpha
These are known as the inflammatory triad
They are produced by macrophages and dendritic cells
During acute inflammation they travel to the liver and brain.
Also target immune cells and endothelial cells to promote migration of leucocytes.
Liver produced acute phase reactants like C-reactive protein (CRP)
Brain triggers a fever
IL-1 and TNF-alpha also recruit other immune cells, enhancing the inflammatory response
What cytokines are involved in the pro-inflammatory response?
Interferons : INF-alpha and INF-beta : released by virally infected cells, interfere with viral replication
IL-1(beta), IL-6 and TNF-a.
Released by macrophages and dendritic cells.
IL-6 also released by T cells and B cells.
Name 10 notifiable diseases?
When can confidentiality be broken?
To protect individuals or society from risks of harm eg. communicable disease.
Notifiable disease eg. HIV can be disclosed to people at risk eg sexual partner without patients consent.
