Cross cultural Variations in Attachment.

Question 1

Study 1 Van Ijzendoor and Kroonenberg.

PROCEDURE.

Answer 1

The research carried out a meta-analysis of 32 studies , involving 1.990 infants , whose attacchment type had been used the Strange Situation. The 32 studies were conducted in 8 different countries. 15 of the 32 studies took place in the USA.

Question 2

Study 1 Van Ijzendoor and Kroonenberg.

FINDINGS.

Answer 2

The study found that:

• secure attachment was the most common attachment type in all 8 countries, the proportion ranged from 75% in Britain to 50% in China.
• insecure-avoidant was the next most common attachment type in every countrie except from Japan and Israel.
• Insecure-resistant was the least common attachment type , the proportion ranged from 3% in Britain to 25% in China and 30% in Israel.
• The study also found that variations in attachment type within a country were 1.5 times greater than between countries. For example, in the USA one study found that 46% of the infants were securely attached , whereas another study found that the 90% of infants were securely attached.

Question 3

Study 2. Simonella et al.

PROCEDURE

Answer 3

The study was carried out in Italy , involved the attachment type of 76 infants , aged 1 year , using SS.

Question 4

Study 2. Simonella et al.

FINDINGS.

Answer 4

The study found that 50% of infants were securely attached and 36% of infants were insecure-avoidant.

Question 5

Strength. INDIGENOUS RESEARCH

Answer 5

INDIGENOUS RESEARCH
* This is because , Van Jzendoor and Kroonenberg meta-analysis included studies that had been carried out by researchers from the same cultural background as the participants.

*This is important because , research involving indigenous research avoids many problems in cross cultural research, such as the researchers misunderstaanding the lenguaje used by the pp´s.

Question 6

1. Limitation .

Answer 6

CONFOUNDING VARIABLES
*This is because, studies conducted in different countries are rarely matched on methodology , when compared in meta-analysis

• In addition, environmental variables, such as the size of the room and the availability of interesting toys maay also differ between studies and confound findings.

Question 7

2.Limitation.

Answer 7

CULTURALLY BIASED
*This is because , the SS which is the procedure used to measure the infant´s attachment type, was designed by an American Psychologist.

*This is a problem because , the criteria used in the SS , assumes thart certain infant behaviours , such as willigness to explore and indepence are signs of secure attachment.