Cross Cultural Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Culture

A

any kind of information that is acquired from other members of one’s species through social learning that can influence an individual’s behaviors

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2
Q

Cultures change over time due to new habits and behaviors some things that change cultures include what?

A

o Each person inherits different temperament
o Each person belongs to a certain collection of various social groups
o Each person has individual history and experiences

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3
Q

General Psychology

A

assumes that the mind operates according to a set of natural and universal laws that are independent from context or content

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4
Q

Nonuniversal

A

particular psychological process can be said to not exist in all cultures.

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5
Q

Existential universal

A

exist in all cultures, although the process is not necessarily used to solve the same problems, nor is it equally accessible across cultures.

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6
Q

Functional Universal

A

psychological processes that exist in all cultures, are used to solve the same problems across cultures, yet are more accessible to people from some cultures than others

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7
Q

Accessibility Universal

A

exists in all cultures, is used to solve the same problems across cultures and is accessible to the same degree across cultures

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8
Q

WEIRD societies

A

Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

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9
Q

Muller-Lyer illusion

A

picture left line looks longer than right, but they are the same length. This photo is seen differently throughout different cultures

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10
Q

Color-blind approach

A

hope that people will interact with each other without giving too much attention to someone’s ethnic or cultural background.

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11
Q

Multicultural approach

A

opposite of color-blind approach, people strongly identify with their groups. Can be positive or negatively used against people.

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12
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

judging people from other cultures by standard of one’s own culture

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13
Q

Proximate causes

A

an event which is closest to, or immediately responsible for causing, some observed result.

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14
Q

Distal causes

A

explanation of human social behavior by considering the larger context in which individuals carry out their actions.
- Certain places had more accessibility due to location and good relations with neighboring countries

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15
Q

Evoked Culture

A

idea that all people, regardless of where they are from, have a biological behavior that are assessable to them

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16
Q

Transmitted culture

A

people learn certain practices by observation and social learning
- Cultural evolution requires that certain ideas be passed onto others, and cultures change when new ideas are widely shared

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17
Q

Dynamic social impact theory

A

states that individuals influence each other though interacting, ultimately leading to clusters of like-minded people

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18
Q

Minimally counterintuitive ideas

A

may imply a breach of few (one or two) properties related to a certain ontological category such as persons, animals, plants, natural objects, or artifacts

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19
Q

Methodological equivalence

A

the concern which making sure participants from different cultures understand the research questions or situations in equivalent ways

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20
Q

Generalizability

A

a measure of how useful the results of a study are for a broader group of people or situations

21
Q

Study’s power

A

its capacity to detect an effect to the extent that such an effect really exists (a cross-cultural difference)

22
Q

Back-translation

A

the process of re-translating content from the target language back to its source language in literal terms

23
Q

Socially desirable responding

A

the tendency of respondents to reply in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others

24
Q

Acquiescence bias

A

the tendency for survey respondents to agree with research statements, without the action being a true reflection of their own position or the question itself

25
Q

Deprivation effect

A

the reduced fulfillment of a desire or need that is felt to be essential

26
Q

Culture as Information

A

“Culture is any kind of information that you get from other members of your species through social learning that can influence individual’s behavior”
o Ex. “On Wednesdays, we wear pink.”
o Ex. “Don’t walk under the clock tower or you won’t graduate on time”

27
Q

Objective Elements

A

Explicit, tangible, mostly physical, survive as artifacts (food/clothing)

28
Q

Subjective Elements

A

Intangible, mostly psychological and sociological processes (beliefs/norms)

29
Q

Culture as People

A

“A culture Is a group of people who are existing within some kind of shared context.”
o UW Lacrosse students

30
Q

Goals of Psychology

A
  • Describe Behavior
  • Predict Behavior
  • Explain Behavior
  • Change Behavior
31
Q

o Around 80% of study’s participants are from WEIRD societies
o But WEIRD societies only make up 12% of the world’s population

A
32
Q

Challenges with Studying Culture

A
  • Event within cultures, people aren’t monolithic
  • Cultural boundaries are not distinct and often unclear
  • Cultures change over time
33
Q

Cultural Universals

A

the same thinking, behaving, or feeling throughout different cultures

34
Q

Nonuniversal

A

not found in all cultures

35
Q

Existing universal

A

found in other cultures, but serves a different function depending on cultural context
 Ex. Thumbs up good in US versus bad elsewhere

36
Q

Functional universal

A

found in other cultures, serves the same or similar function, but is used to different degrees
 Ex. Everyone shakes hands and interprets it the same way, but there are different frequencies of how likely someone is to shake your hand.

37
Q

Accessibility universal

A

Accessibility universal found in other cultures, serves the same or similar function and equally accessible

38
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

tendency to use your own culture as the standard by which to judge and evaluate other cultures

39
Q

Where does culture come from? Why is culture different?

A
  • Group life
  • Environments
  • Resources
  • Evolved Human Mind
40
Q

Environment variations

A
  • Different climates require different means of survival
    o Hot vs cold climate, in hot climate cultures there is a mid-day break due to heat
41
Q

Resources variations

A
  • Different available resources result in different opportunities
    o Plants, animals, materials, etc.
42
Q

Human cognition variations

A
  • Cognitive ability among humans allows ideas to be passed on and improved
    o Language, improvement of tools (inventions and upgrades)
43
Q

Proximal causes

A

direct and immediate causes

44
Q

Distal causes

A

initial differences that lead to effects over long periods of time

45
Q

Four Factors of spreading Ideas

A
  • Communicable
  • Useful
  • Emotional
  • Minimally Counterintuitive
46
Q

What are Communicable Ideas

A
  • Ideas that are easy to talk about
    o Clearcut
    o Easy to understand
    o Willingness to talk about it (social desirability)
    o People to share it with
     Cafeteria at school
47
Q

What are Emotional Ideas

A
  • Ideas that make you feel a strong emotion
    o Terrified
    o Delighted
    o Furious
    o Peaceful
    o Filled with hope
     Ex. there was dead chunks of rat in the bottle
48
Q

What are Minimally Counterintuitive Ideas

A
  • Ideas that are somewhat unexpected
    o Aren’t what we would normally expect
    o Somewhat surprising
    o …but mostly makes sense
     Ex. little red riding hood