Cross Country Flight Planning Flashcards
3 common ways to navigate?
Pilotage- visual landmarks
Dead reckoning- computing direction
Radio navigation- use of radio aids
What types of charts are available for VFR?
Sectional charts- slow to medium aircraft
VFR Terminal Area Charts- Class B charts
VFR Flyway Planning Charts
Define: Isogonic Line
Connects points of equal magnetic variation
-dotted magenta line on sectional
Define: Magnetic Variation
The angle between true north and magnetic north
How do you convert true direction to magnetic direction?
Add west
Subtract east
Define: Magnetic Deviation
Because of magnetic influences in the airplane the compass needle is frequently deflected.
-use the card in the aircraft to calculate correction
What are radio aids to air navigation?
NBD- non directional radio beacon
VOR- very high frequency onmi-directional range
VORTAC- VHFVOR / Tactical Air Navigation
DME- Distance measuring equipment
What is a VOR/VORTAC?
VHF radio stations that project radials in all 360 degrees
What frequency range do VORs operate?
108-117.95
Define: VOR Radial?
Line of magnetic bearing extended from an omni-directional range
How are VOR NAVAIDs classified?
Terminal (T) - 25 mile range
Low (L) - 40 mile range
High (H) - 40+ mile range
What are VOR reception limitations?
Subject to line-of-sight limitations
What are different methods for checking VOR accuracy?
VOT check: +/- 4 degrees Ground checkpoint: +/- 4 degrees Airborne checkpoint: +/- 6 degrees Dual VOR check: 4 degrees between each other Radial over ground point: +/- 6 degrees
Define: DME
Distance Measuring Equipment
-used to measure the slant range distance of an aircraft to the DME navigation aid.
Define: GPS
Satellite-based radio navigation system that broadcasts a signal used by receivers to determine a precise position.
What are the 3 functional elements of GPS?
Space element- 30 satellites
Control element- network of ground based GPS monitoring/control stations that ensure accuracy
User element- consists of antennas on-board aircraft that provide positioning and precise timing.
What is the purpose of RAIM?
To ensure adequate GPS signals are being received at all times.
Where can a pilot receive RAIM availability info?
FSS during pre-flight.
Define: VFR Waypoint
Provides navigation aids for pilots unfamiliar with the area.
Define: DF Guidance
Given to aircraft in distress or to other aircraft that request it.
What is the most common type of radio equipment?
VHF
118.0 - 136.975
What is the VHF emergency frequency?
121.5
It is guarded by military/civil towers, FSS and radar facilities
What are the ground control frequencies?
121.6 - 121.9
Define: CTAF
Common Traffic Advisory Frequency