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CRM 202 > CRM 202 - Chapter 1/2 > Flashcards

CRM 202 - Chapter 1/2 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of a Victim / Victimization / Victimology

A

Victims - Individuals who suffer injuries, losses, or hardships for any reason
Victimization - An asymmetrical relationship that is abusive, painful, parasitical, destructive, or unfair
Victimology - Scientific study of the physical, emotional, and financial harm people endure because of illegal activities

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2
Q

Routines Activities Theory (Cohen & Felson)

A
  1. Motivated Offender
  2. A lack of capable guardianship
  3. A suitable target
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3
Q

Theories

A

Attempt to explain a phenomenon
- Certain theories blame the victim
- Turns the lends of society

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4
Q

Subjective Approach

A

Uses a standpoint of morality, ethics, philosophy, personalized reactions, and intense emotions

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5
Q

Objective Approach

A

Draws conclusions only from evidence and facts

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6
Q

Victims are classified as:

A

A. Primary Victims (direct)
B. Secondary Victims (indirect)

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7
Q

Victimology versus Detective work

A

Detectives - Victimology refers to background investigations that reconstruct events to solve crimes
Victimologists - Do not solve crimes

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8
Q

The Parallels Between Criminology and Victimology

A
  • Victimology is a subdiscipline of criminology
  • Both disciplines look for causal relationships
  • Both emphasize proper gathering and interpretation of data
  • Both study how the criminal justice system actually operates versus how it is supposed to work
  • Both assess offender needs to recover program effectiveness
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9
Q

Some Differences and Issues about Boundaries

A
  • Criminology is several hundred years old
  • Criminology binds studies to illegal activities
  • Victimology is several decades old
  • Victimology boundaries are in dispute
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10
Q

Conservative Tendency

A
  • Focuses primarily on street crimes
  • Holds victims strictly accountable for their decisions and actions
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11
Q

H. Pater - Theory of Administrative Justice

A
  • Left = liberal (due process model)
  • Right = conservative (crime control model)
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12
Q

Liberal Tendency

A
  • Extends beyond street crimes to include corporate corruption
  • White collar crime - buy your way out of trouble with a cheque
  • Endorses societal intervention via the government
  • Embraces restorative justice - guiding set of principles
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13
Q

Radical/Critical/Conflict Theory

A
  • Includes street crimes, corporate offences, and other harms
  • Victimizations is a result of an exploitative and oppressive social system
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14
Q

Benefits of Studying Victimology

A
  • Intellectual benefits
  • Heightened sense of awareness reduced risks
  • Complete understanding and appreciation of reactions to victimization
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15
Q

Different Types of Research Studies in Victimology

A
  • Exploratory studies
  • Descriptive studies
  • Explanatory studies
  • Evaluation studies
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16
Q

Exploratory Studies

A

Use qualitative methods to understand new forms of victimization

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17
Q

Descriptive studies

A

Use quantitative methods to address questions of who, where, when, and how

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18
Q

Explanatory studies

A

Attempt to discover causes of problems - the why?

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19
Q

Evaluation studies

A

Assess the effectiveness of interventions

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20
Q

Different Disciplinary Approaches When Researching Victims Issues

A
  • Psychological Approaches
  • Legal and Criminal Justice Approaches
  • Historical Approaches
  • Anthropological Approaches
  • Economical Approaches
21
Q

Psychological Approaches

A

Emphasize character traits and personalities

22
Q

Legal and Criminal Justice approaches

A

Focus on laws, regulations, and procedures

23
Q

Historical Approaches

A

Look at the past and trace developments to the present

24
Q

Anthropological Approaches

A

Study societies that are far way and existed long ago

25
Q

Economical Approaches

A

Study finances, gains, losses, costs, and expenses

26
Q

How to Structure Victimological Investigation

A

Step 1: Identify, Define, and Describe the Problem
Step 2: Estimate the True Dimensions of the Problem
Step 3: Investigate How Victims and Their Offenders Interacted
Step 4: Analyze the Findings and Their Policy Implications

27
Q

History of Crime Victims

A
  • Victims were key decision makers and direct beneficiaries
  • Public prosecutors took over the powers and responsibilities of victims
  • Over the last 200 years, the argument has been made that the government has provided for criminals and ignored victims
28
Q

Two Types of Law

A

Codified Law & Common Law (Judge-made law)

29
Q

History of Crime Victims

A
  • The Constitution reconceptualized crimes as hostilities against the state
  • Violation of laws is more important than harm to victims
  • Plea negotiations cost victims their participation in court proceedings
30
Q

“Father of Victimology” **

A

Benjamin Mendelsohn

31
Q

Survivorology

A

Focuses on personality traits, inner resources, and belief systems
- Allow victims to reconsider priorities
- Permits a return to a previous (or better) life

32
Q

Bystanderology

A

Involves criminals, victims, and third parties
- Rediscovered in 1963 after a rape in New York City

33
Q

Bystander Effect

A
  • Ignoring crimes and engage
  • Bystander effect holds that as bystanders increased:
    • Likelihood of intervention decreases –> the more people there the less likely someone will help
      ** In all but 3 states in the U.S., most of the U.S. bystanders do not have a legal obligation to intervene
34
Q

2 sets of advocacy

A

Case Advocacy: one on one client assistance for a short time
System Advocacy: was representation of an entire group for procedural reform

35
Q

3 major source of guidance and support

A
  1. Law and order movement of the 60s
  2. Embracing crime control via the criminal justice system and racking down social deviance
  3. Advocating for swift hard punishment
36
Q

Women’s Movement

A

Focused on females harmed by males and not provided support by the male-dominated system

37
Q

Civil Rights Movement

A

Focused on opposing racist stereotypes and discriminatory practices

38
Q

Social Movement

A
  • Civil liberties movement
  • Children’s rights groups
  • Gay rights movement
  • Prisoner’s rights movement
39
Q

Brady Bill

A

Handgun violence protection, required background check for handgun

40
Q

Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act

A

Required colleges in the US annually of crimes on campus

41
Q

Megan’s Law

A

Require sex offenders and committed have a right to know

42
Q

Clases with victims right to privacy

A
  • Laws should shield victims information
  • Self-restraint of reporters and editors
  • Push to ensure members of the media to remember their code of ethics
  • Victimologists have to represent the public interests
43
Q

Rediscovered Groups

A

Receiving study and support
- Abused children
- Battered women
- People killed by drunk drivers
Awaiting rediscovery
- Disabled victims
- Homeless Victims
- Delivery drivers

44
Q

The Rediscovery Process in Action, Step by Step

A

Stage 1: Calling Attention to an Overlooked Problem
Stage 2: Making Progress, Implementing Reforms
Stage 3: Emergence of an Opposition and Development of Resistance to Further Changes
Stage 4: Research Finding Generate Useful Evidence

45
Q

Stage 1: Calling Attention to an Overlooked Problem

A

Activists raise public consciousness to a situation
(A) The rediscovery process has far reaching consequences for everyday life
(B) Rediscovery process is a process that is set in motion when activist raise the public consciousness to an illegal situation

46
Q

Stage 2: Making Progress, Implementing Reforms

A
  • May require pilot programs to prove need for special services
  • Secure government or private funding - best practices
  • Best example: MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving)
47
Q

Stage 3: Emergence of an Opposition and Development of Resistance to Further Changes

A
  • Backlashes involved with perceived excesses in the groups demand
  • Critics argue:
    • Interests are too one-sided and do not benefit the majority
    • Threats are overestimated
    • Victims culpability is ignored and making unreasonable demands
48
Q

Stage 4: Research Finding Generate Useful Evidence

A
  • Victimologist can objectively look at disputes about crime prevention and treatment
  • May result in a stand-off between victim advocates and opponents

CRM 202 (1 decks)

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