CRJ 105 TEST 2 Flashcards
1
Q
This early form of policing most directly led to that of modern U.S. policing.
A
. frankpledge system
2
Q
Henry and John Fielding organized this.
A
. Bow Street Runners
3
Q
This was the first successful bill in England to create a permanent, public police force.
A
Metropolitan Police Act
4
Q
Which feature did England contribute to U.S. policing, according to Walker and Katz?
A
All of the above
5
Q
As long as human beings have lived in large groups, we have needed this.
A
Social control
6
Q
This was an important office in early English policing.
A
Sheriff
7
Q
In the modern United States, this type of law enforcement officer serves areas such as rural townships and is usually elected.
A
Uniformed police officers
8
Q
This style of policing attempts to address the underlying social problems that contribute to crime by integrating research and scientific problem-solving strategies to analyze instances of crime with the goal of developing more effective response strategies.
A
Problem-oriented policing
9
Q
In early England, a person who caught someone stealing chickens would be required to do this.
A
Raise a hue and cry
10
Q
About how many law enforcement agencies are there in the United States?
A
18,000
11
Q
Most federal officers are trained here.
A
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center
12
Q
This agency measures crime using the Uniform Crime Reports.
A
Federal Bureau of Investigation
13
Q
While out on patrol, Officer Kealoha spots a group of youths sitting in the back yard of a house and smoking. She takes note of the situation, but because the youths are quiet and minding their own business, she moves on. What type of policing is this the best example of?
A
Watchman style
14
Q
This agency is recognized as the first uniformed, professional state police department in the United States.
A
Pennsylvania State Police
15
Q
This is the largest local police force in the country.
A
. New York Police Department
16
Q
These are the most common forms of county law enforcement.
A
Sheriff’s offices
17
Q
This policing strategy attempts to harness the resources and residents of a jurisdiction in stopping crime and maintaining order.
A
Community policing
18
Q
This private police force was created by the West India Trading Company in 1798.
A
Thames River Police
19
Q
How did the development of the policing style in the United States differ from English policing style?
A
All of the above
20
Q
Which is a major 20th-century police reformer?
A
August Vollmer
21
Q
In the United States, informal policing began here with the establishment of a night watch.
A
Boston in 1631
22
Q
This is a duty of all law enforcement officers.
A
All of the above
23
Q
Which are the three distinct levels of law enforcement in the United States?
A
federal, state, and local
24
Q
Much of local police work is especially concerned with problem-solving and this.
A
Order maintenance
24
Under which federal agency is the Federal Bureau of Investigation?
Department of Justice
25
Which is a difference between the police and the military that make supervising the police a different, and in many ways more difficult, job than supervising the military?
All of the above
26
This concept describes the decisions that police officers make about which laws to enforce, how much to enforce them, when to let some offenses slide, and when to devote attention to truly significant offenses.
a. Discretion
26
Which activity most often brings police officers into face-to-face contact with citizens?
a. Traffic duties
27
What would happen if the police attempted to enforce all the laws?
All of the above
28
This is a reason based on known facts to think that a criminal offense has occurred
Probable cause
29
This doctrine defines what constitutes a search.
Plain-view
30
This case held that people, not places, are protected from government intrusion whenever they have a reasonable expectation of privacy.
Katz v. United States
31
Which criterion must be met for the discovery of evidence to fall outside the Fourth Amendment's definition of a search?
All of the above
32
In this case, the Supreme Court found that probable cause for a search does not demand proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
Illinois v. Gates
33
The right to privacy does not extend to these even if officers are trespassing.
Open fields
34
In this case, the Supreme Court found that police have the right to search suspects to ensure their own safety if they think that the suspects are armed.
Terry. V. Ohio
35
Which of the following is not one of the major exceptions to the requirement that officers obtain warrants before conducting a search?
Consent searches
36
Which one is an example of a special-needs search?
Inmate search
37
Which term describes when law enforcement officers take potential evidence in a criminal case?
Seizure
38
This temporary detention is legally a seizure of an individual.
Stop
38
In this case, the Supreme Court determined that the test of what constitutes seizure is whether the suspect is free to decline an officer's request for a search and terminate the encounter.
Florida v. Bostick
39
In this case, the Supreme Court found that an arrest warrant allows only the search of a suspect's person and the immediate vicinity. Further searches require a warrant.
Chimel v. California
40
This describes an incident in which the police show a sign of authority and the suspect submits.
Show-of-authority stop
41
This is suspicion based on facts or circumstances that justifies stopping and sometimes searching an individual thought to be involved in illegal activity.
Reasonable suspicion
41
Which of the following is not one of the major exceptions to the requirement that officers obtain warrants before conducting a search?
Consent searches
42
Which is not a goal of police patrol?
. To collect crime statistics
43
This is the most visible function of police.
All of the above
44
Which type of patrol can expand the range that officers can cover, allowing officers to patrol areas where motor vehicles are prohibited, and keeping officers in touch with the community?
Bicycle patrol
45
Which is a peacemaking or order-maintenance problem that the police may be called for?
All of the above
46
This is suspicion of illegal activity based on a person’s race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on actual illegal activity or evidence of illegal activity.
Racial profiling
47
The procedural law that controls the activities of law enforcement is derived from this Amendment.
Fourth
48
Which of the following is what we know with substantial confidence about police use of force?
. Police use force infrequently
49
According to this case, deadly force may only be used if a suspect poses a threat to the lives of police officers or bystanders.
Tennessee v. Garner
50
According to the International Association of Chiefs of Police this is, “the amount of effort required by police to compel compliance from an unwilling subject.”
Use of force
51
The militarization of the police and the war-on-crime analogy are the most apparent in these divisions of law enforcement agencies.
SWAT teams
52
Which is not a key element of the policeman's working personality?
Social inclusion
53
This term refers to the mindset of police who must deal with danger, authority, isolation, and suspicion while appearing to be efficient.
Policeman’s working personality
54
The expectation of how much and what type of force an officer will use in a given situation varies according to several factors. Which is one of these factors?
All of the above
55
How is excessive use of force by the police problematic?
. All of the above
56
According to Graham v. Connor, which aspect of the Fourth Amendment governs police use of force during an arrest?
Objective reasonableness
57
A SWAT team is not likely to do this.
Run routine DUI checkpoints
58
This term refers to the multiple outsider status of women and minority police officers
Double marginality
58
The first time that people of color worked as police officers in the U.S. was in 1805 in this city.
New Orleans
59
Which is a strategy to evaluate and control police officers’ use of force?
Ethics education
60
According to Black’s Law Dictionary this is, “The entire population of a county above the age of 15, which a sheriff may summon to his assistance in certain cases as to aid him in keeping the peace, in pursuing and arresting felons, etc.”
Posse comitatus
61
How has police militarization affected the nature of law enforcement?
Police identity has been reoriented from community policing practices
62
In what year was the first law enforcement officer feloniously killed in the line of duty in the United States?
. 1792
63
Which is not an aspect of policing that is associated with the risk of suicidal ideation (thinking about suicide)?
mindfulness
64
Which is not a strategy to reduce police stress?
Increase the paramilitary focus of the police
65
Which is not a strategy to reduce police stress?
Cameras strengthen police accountability by documenting encounters between officers and the public
66
Which is not a method or device that police use to conduct surveillance on the public?
Dogs
67
This is useful for generating leads in cases in which biological evidence is recovered from a crime scene.
. CODIS
68
1972 this commission released its report on New York City police corruption.
The Knapp Commission
69
This slang term described officers who actively sought situations that could produce financial gain.
Meat-eaters
70
This slang term described police officers who accepted bribes but did not actively pursue them.
. Grass-eaters
71
What job-related problems might a police officer's family experience
All of the above
72
Which best describes the U.S. criminal court system?
Adversarial
73
The settlement of this type of disagreement is based on vengeance.
Blood feud
74
This is the schedule of cases for a court.
Docket
75
This custom required that the accused perform a test decided by divine authority to prove guilt or innocence.
Trial by ordeal
76
This can be considered to be the first type of jury.
inquest
77
In 1166, this law was enacted to correct some of the problems of the judicial process.
Assize of Clarendon
78
This is a trial heard by a judge and not a jury.
. Bench trial
79
This infamous 15th-century English court was established to deal with offenses such as riots, perjury, and conspiracy.
Court of the Star Chamber
80
A formal statement of the criminal offense the defendant is accused of
charge
81
This case established the judiciary as equal to the executive and legislative branches of the government.
Marbury v. Madison
82
This refers to a court's authority to hear certain cases.
. Jurisdiction
83
n Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816) and Cohens v. Virginia (1821), the Marshall court upheld this clause found in Article VI of the Constitution.
Supremacy
84
The federal courts get their power from this Article of the Constitution
Article III
85
The U.S. district courts, U.S. courts of appeals, and the U.S. Supreme Court together compose this.
. Federal courts
86
What are the three types of jurisdiction?
Subject-matter, geographic, and hierarchical
87
What is the major division of the US court system?
. Federal courts; state courts
88
This court holds sessions at intervals within different areas of a judicial district.
. Circuit court
89
These are courts of limited jurisdiction within the district courts that perform many of the federal court system’s routine, but essential tasks.
Magistrate court
90
Which is not one of the four levels of the federal courts?
Chancery courts
91
These state courts differ from other courts in their goals and in how they operate.
Juvenile courts
92
What are the state trial courts of limited jurisdiction sometimes called?
Lower courts
93
A superior court uses this order to call up for review the record of a case from a lower court.
. Writ of certiorari
94
Which types of cases do federal courts hear?
. all of the above
95
Which of the following offenses would trigger a federal charge?
All of the above
96
) This is the only right or protection in the Bill of Rights that is also included in all the state constitutions.
The right to a jury trial
97
This term describes how similar cases have been settled by a given set of judges, prosecutors, and attorneys.
. Going rate
98
This primary administrative officer of the court manages non-judicial functions.
. Clerk of the court
99
This court officer records and transcribes a verbatim record of the proceedings.
. Court reporter
100
This court officer is responsible for various administrative tasks necessary for the court to function, such as scheduling courtrooms, procuring furniture, improving case flow, creating calendars, and managing court personnel.
Court administrator
101
What do probation officers do besides supervise probationers?
Write pre-sentence investigation reports
102
Dale works for a private company that provides money for suspects to be released from jail. What is Dale’s job?
. Bail agent
103
Ari is a court-appointed officer who protects the interests of children who must appear in court. What is Ari's job?
Child advocate
104
This agency is at the top of the federal hierarchy of prosecution.
Department of Justice
105
The decision in this case set forth that the accused has the right to an attorney, whether the offense is a misdemeanor or a felony, if the offense is punishable by incarceration
Argersinger v. Hamlin
106
Which Justice Department office directly affects the prosecutorial aspect of the criminal justice process?
All of the above
107
This federal officer coordinates all the appeals of cases that went against the federal government in the lower courts.
Solicitor general
108
How many U.S. Attorneys are there?
93
109
As chief legal officer for the state of Georgia, what is Glenn's job title?
State attorney general
110
This is another term for the prosecutor.
District attorney
111
Five activities divide a prosecutor's energies. Which is not one of these?
Bailing
112
This is the final determination of a case by a court.
Disposition
113
This courtroom actor is responsible for protecting the interests of the accused.
Defense attorney
114
A prosecutor offers defendant Jamie a deal in which Jamie pleads guilty to stealing a backpack in return for time already served in jail and the promise to go into therapy. Which term best describes this scenario?
Plea bargain
115
Each state has its own system for providing for the defense of indigent defendants. Which is not one of these systems?
Executive appointment
116
This legal decision required states to provide for the legal defense of indigents.
Gideon v. Wainwright
117
Which of the following is not the duty of a judge?
Writing pre-sentence reports
118
At this level, judges are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate according to their advise-and-consent responsibility as stated in the Constitution.
. Federal
119
This is another term for merit selection of judges.
Missouri Bar Plan
120
In which case did the Supreme Court find that states may incarcerate offenders only if they have been represented by counsel?
Scott v. Illinois
121
This cabinet-level Justice Department officer is appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate through its advise-and-consent function.
U.S. Attorney General
