critically evaluating applied research Flashcards
Baron-Cohen, 2001
theory of mind deficits autism hypothesis
Shultz, 2005
social orienting theory of autism
Chevalier et al., 2012
social motivation theory of autism
Gray and Gerand, 1993
came up with social stories
Gorwood and Van Loan
meta analysis that showed social stories had no significant effect on behaviour
NAC, 2005
stated that there was not a sufficient amount of scientific research to say that social stories are empirically supported by evidence.
Sutton et al., 2018
found that interventions for autism in schools that are able to be used or performed by teachers are more effective than those performed by external experts or helpers.
Bennett, 2012
found that early interventions for autism are effective. this is a strength of social stories as they can be used by children of any age.
Malmberg, 2013
social stories were found to be significantly less effective than video modelling.
cost of autism per year
£32 billion
what percentage of the population has autism?
0.02-0.5%
what does having multiple theories of causes mean?
because there is no one theory for explaining every case or symptom of autism, there is no one universal treatment or intervention used.
what is a social story?
it is a guideline, usually written down as a story with pictures or in a comic strip, that helps people with ASD navigate through different social situations. it can be personalised to the individual and can be made around any event they may face. in theory, anyone with training can write a social story and it can be used for individuals of any age.
Adjornu et al. 2018
developed social stories that can be used with modern technology such as virtual reality headsets
what is the long term risk of social stories?
that people may become dependent on them and then cope worse with new situations for which they have no social story.
what are Carol Gray’s credentials
she doesn’t have any, she was a teacher and not an ASD expert in any way.
what is the journal the research was published in like?
it is rated 65th of 73 for journals on developmental psychology and has an impact factor of 0.95 which is relatively low.
what is the issue with training costing money?
it is not openly accessible to parents and teachers, and it has been shown that interventions performed by teachers are more effective.
what empirical support does the paper provide?
none
what did research autism find about previous literature?
it found that many studies used poor methodology and that many studies also included 3 participants or fewer.
Wang et al., 2009
meta-analysis found that of the three most popular autism interventions (social stories, video modelling and peer mediated) only video modelling was sufficiently supported by evidence of its effectiveness.
could social stories be credible?
yes. video modelling provides a very similar service, especially similar to social stories which use technology. this intervention has support and so therefore it is viable that social stories could be found to be effective in this way.
Johnen et al., 2014
developmental prosopagnosia is a neurodevelopmental condition that is largely heritable
Susilo and Duchaine, 2013
DP effects as many as 1 in 50 people
Kennerknecht et al., 2006
one valid questionnaire for the diagnosis of DP did exist but this did not correlate well with actual behavioural traits so was not widely accepted
Shah et al., 2015
developed the PI20, a 20 question questionnaire that can be used to diagnose DP.
what are some potential issues with a questionnaire diagnosing DP?
- only suitable for adults
- may not relate to behavioural measures
- subjective scales within questions
- arbitrary cut off point
what evidence was collected to say that the questionnaire was reliable?
- study found that it accounted for 61% of variance and had a Cronbach’s alpha of .96 so was reliable within itself.
- study matched people with DP and people without by age, sex and occupation and found a significant difference in their average scores
- correlation found between scores on a famous faces recognition test and the questionnaire
- no correlation found between questionnaire results and scores on an object recognition test.
Bate and Tree, 2017
- no one universally accepted diagnostic criteria for DP so comparisons across studies and analyses are impossible
- point out the need to study children as the condition is developmental
Dalrymple et al., 2015
found that there were many possible or proposed measures for DP in adults but only one was suitable for children.
what is one theoretical problem with Shah’s questionnaire?
it does not distinguish between face memory and face perception which are different deficits.
Bowles et al, 2009
found that people have very poor insight into their own ability to recognise faces
Bate et al, 2016
identified a group called super-recognisers suggesting that the ability to recognise faces is a spectrum
Lee et al, 2015
one example of many studies that use multiple different measures to test facial recognition ability
Bate et al, 2009
found that response times should also be taken into account as people become very good at compensating for a lack of facial recognition ability.
