Critical Thinking skills Flashcards
Critical thinking skills
collection of skills we use everyday that are necessary for our full intellectual and personal development
Roles of a critical thinker in a democracy
Analytical skills, effective communication, research and inquiry, flexibility and tolerance, open-minded skepticism, creative problem-solving, attention, mindfulness, and curiosity, Collaborative learning
Solomon asch experiment
peer pressure, evidence for, senses and unanimous opinion of a group of peers, ab 25% never conformed, 75 conformed at least once, think people want to fit in with a group, group must be better informed
Stanley Milgram experiment
authoritative, all participants went to 300, suggested ordinaryy people are likely to follow authoritative orders. obedience to authority ingrained.
3 stages of cognitive development
1.) Dualism(right and wrong answers). 2.)Relativism (authorities done have right answers) 3.) Commitment (shouldn’t blindly follow or oppose authority)
Egocentrism
believing you are center of all things
Ethnocentrism
uncritical or unjustified belief in the inherit superiority of ones own group of universe
Color in advertising theory
Studies how different colors determine human behavior and decision making
SWOT MODEL- internal weakness
Strengths and weaknesses
SWOT MODEL- external weakness
Opportunities and threats
Active portrayals in gender advertising theory
actively involved with the product or service being advertised
Decorative portrayals in gender advertising theory
passively decorating the advertisement
expert credentials
media literacy
the ability to critically analyze and evaluated the message conveyed through media
eyewitness testimony and memory
incorrect 50% of time. direct sensory experience infallible since our brains interpret rather than record sensory experience
perceptual errors
occurs when our brains filter our perceptions from our senses and fill in missing information based in part on our expectations
self-serving bias
describes when we attribute positive events and successes to our own character or actions, but blame negative results to external factors unrelated to our character.
helpers high
happens when you help other people and then feel happy and good about yourself
inductive reasoning
aims at developing a theory that is probably true. based on probabilities. can be false even if premises are true
deductive reasoning
aims at testing theory, based on certainty. cant be false If premises are true
categorical syllogism
deductive argument that categorizes or sorts things into specific classes
hypothetical syllogism
deductive argument that is in valid form and premises have to be true
deductive syllogism
deductive argument where one or more premises are false or argument does not use valid form
valid syllogism
if form of argument is such that the conclusion must be true if premises are true. (all A are B, all C are A, therefore, all C are B.
invalid syllogism
all A are B, all C are B, so, all C are A
types of causal arguments
ONE.)Evidence for causal relationship should be strong. 2.)Argument should not contain fallacies. 3.) data should be current and up-to-date. 4.) conclusion should not go beyond premises
sound syllogism
in valid form and premises have to be true
unsound syllogism
one or more premises is false or argument does not use valid form
fallacy of false dilemma (syllogism)
unsound argument. committed when more alternatives presented that two stated in disjunctive syllogism
definition of causal arguments
claims something is or isn’t the cause of something else (cause-effect relationships)
correlation
when 2 events occur together regularly at rates higher than probability
causation
when one event directly causes other
representative sample
sample that’s similar in relevant respects to the larger population
polls and biased results
Self-selected samples, Slanted questions, push polls, loaded questions, self-serving errors
sample size
selecting some members of group then making generalizations about whole population that’s based on characteristics of these members
generalizations
conclusion we draw about certain characteristics of a group or population on basis of a sample from that group
self-selected sample
occurs when only people most interested in poll or survey participate
Avoidance
avoiding certain people or situations that disagree with our world views
Anger
used when confronted with opposing views
Cliches
using often repeated statements to sidetrack
Denial
denial even when presented with evidence
Ignorance
intentionally avoiding learning about a particularly issue when information is avaiable
conformity
being afraid to take an unpopular position for fear of rejection
struggling
analysis paralysis
distractions
use of tv, music, party, work, drugs, alc, or shopping to prevent minds from critically thinking about troublesome issues in our lives
Ad hominem
attacking speaker or group representing idea rather than attacking merits of idea itself
bandwagon
stating idea is correct if majority of people believe its correct
loaded question
assumes a particular answer to another unasked question
red herring
strays from basic argument by introducing evidence or ideas that are distracting and not related to basic argument
slippery slope
chain-reaction argument that claims one event or action will inevitably lead to another more disastrous one
straw man
an opponent’s argument is distorted, misrepresented, or exaggerated in order to make it easier to refute.
