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Critical Thinking And Logic Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 dimensions of critical thinking?

A

Analyzing, Evaluating, and Improving

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2
Q

Egocentrism

A

the tendency to view everything in relationship to oneself

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3
Q

Sociocentrism

A

the assumption that one’s own social group is inherently superior to all others

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4
Q

First order thinking

A

Ordinary thinking

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5
Q

Second order thinking

A

Critical thinking

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6
Q

Weak sense critical thinking

A

Ignores the flaws in their own thinking, and makes no effort to consider other viewpoints

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7
Q

Strong sense critical thinking

A

A consistent pursuit of what is intellectually fair and just

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8
Q

Critical thinking traits

A 
Intellectual humility
Intellectual courage 
Intellectual empathy
Intellectual integrity 
Intellectual perseverance 
Intellectual autonomy
Confidence in reason
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9
Q

What are the 3 functions of the mind?

A
  1. Thinking
  2. Feeling
  3. Wanting
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10
Q

What are the universal elements of thinking?

A 
Purposes
Questions
Assumptions
Implications
Information 
Concepts
Inferences 
Points of View
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11
Q

What are the 9 intellectual standards?

A
  1. Clarity
  2. Accuracy
  3. Precision
  4. Relevance
  5. Depth
  6. Breadth
  7. Logic
  8. Significance
  9. Fairness
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12
Q

Breadth

A

The broadness of our thought - considering issues counter to our own

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13
Q

Socratic questioning

A

a systematic, disciplined approach to asking questions aimed at assessing truth.

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of questions?

A
  1. Questions of fact
  2. Questions of preference
  3. Questions of judgment
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15
Q

Questions of fact

A

Have definitive answers - only one correct answer

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16
Q

Questions of preference

A

Have many possible answers based on subjective preferences

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17
Q

Questions of judgement

A

Evidence and reasoning within multiple systems - more than one answer, with some better than others

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18
Q

What are the dimensions of decision making?

A
  1. Figure out and rearticulate most fundamental goals and needs
  2. Take problems and decisions one by one
  3. Figure out implications of alternatives
  4. Figure out needed info and seek it
  5. Draw reasonable inferences
  6. Figure out long and short term options
  7. Consider pros and cons of decisions
  8. Be strategic
  9. Monitor the implications
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19
Q

What are the 2 components of strategic thinking?

A
  1. Identification. Recognizing when your thinking is irrational or flawed
  2. Intellectual action. Engaging and challenging your own thinking
20
Q

Mill’s method of determining causation

A
  1. Common factor: looking for a single shared factor
  2. Single difference: looking for a causal factor that is present in one situation but absent in another, similar, situation
21
Q

Concomitant variation

A

looking for a pattern of variation between a possible cause and a possible effect

22
Q

Process of elimination

A

successively ruling out non-causal factors until one correct causal factor remains

23
Q

Inert information

A

We think we understand this information, but we don’t and can’t use it.

24
Q

Activated Ignorance

A

We mislearn or partially learn information or accept illogical beliefs and then act on them

25
Activated Knowledge
We bring significant ideas and knowledge into the mind and are able to apply them systematically to new situations
26
What are the 3 types of thinkers?
1. Uncritical persons 2. Skilled manipulators 3. Fair minded critical persons
27
Ad hominem fallacy
Dismissing an argument by attacking the person who offers it rather than by refuting its reasoning
28
appeal to authority
Justifying support for a position by citing an esteemed or well-known figure who supports it. An appeal to authority does not address the merit of the position
29
begging the question fallacy
Asserting a conclusion that is assumed in the reasoning. The reason given to support the conclusion restates the conclusion
30
denying inconsistencies fallacy
Refusing to admit contradictions or inconsistencies when making an argument or defending a position
31
faulty analogy fallacy
Drawing an invalid comparison between things for the purpose of either supporting or refuting some position. A faulty analogy suggests that because two things are alike in some respect, they must be alike in other respects
32
hasty generalization fallacy
Inferring a general proposition about something based on too small a sample or an unrepresentative sample
33
red herring fallacy
Introducing an irrelevant point or topic to divert attention from the issue at hand. It is a tactic for confusing the point under debate
34
slippery slope fallacy
Suggesting that a step or action, once taken, will lead inevitably to similar steps or actions with presumably undesirable consequences
35
straw man fallacy
Distorting or exaggerating an opponent's argument so that it might be more easily attacked
36
Quantitative evidence
quantifies an observation or phenomenon—i.e., expresses it as a number or empirical measure deriving from quantitative research and deductive analysis
37
Qualitative evidence
describes or recounts an observation or phenomenon. It communicates understanding and meaning
38
Order of weighing the evidence
1. Studies 2. Surveys 3. Anecdotal testimony 4. Economic impact 5. Environmental impact 6. Documentary 7. Testimony
39
Risk reduction
a statistical expression that appears most commonly in reports about health risks - can be deceptive because they may be expressed in either relative or absolute terms, and the form in which they are reported can significantly impact our perception of the actual magnitude of the reduced risk
40
Examples of misuse in stats
1. Y axis distortion 2. Not using absolute numbers 3. Using the mean rather than median numbers
41
2 steps of developing a rational mind
1. Identifying the predictable, pathological tendencies we have 2. Correcting these pathologies through critical thinking
42
Egocentric myopia
Adopting an overly narrow point of view and thinking in absolutes
43
Egocentric oversimplification
Ignoring complexity and embracing simplicity that conforms to our existing views, values, and beliefs
44
Egocentric immediacy
Overgeneralizing so that immediate events, whether favorable or unfavorable, influence thinking
45
Egocentric absurdity
Failing to recognize thinking that has "absurd" consequences
46
Characteristics of an advanced thinker
1. Understandings 2. Monitoring 3. Employing 4. Developing 5. Embracing

Critical Thinking And Logic (1 decks)

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