Critical Thinking

Question 1

Argument

Answer 1

A set of claims in which the conclusion follows from the premises

NOT a verbal disputes

Question 2

Claim

Answer 2

As assertion that carries a truth value- true or false

Question 3

Critical thinking

Answer 3

The deliberate, careful and rigorous analysis of claims to determine if we should accept them or not

Question 4

False cause

Answer 4

After this, therefore because of this

Just because one thing happened after another, does not mean the second one happened as a result of the first one

Question 5

Argumentum ad ignorantium

Answer 5

When a claim is argued to be true because it has not been proven false

Question 6

Argument from inappropriate authority

Answer 6

Claim is Argued to be true by appealing to a force that is not a true authority of the issue on hand

Question 7

Straw man

Answer 7

Misrepresentation of a claim in order to make it easier to refute

Question 8

Ad hominem attack

Answer 8

Claim is dismissed by referring to the one who makes the claim rather than to the claim its elf

Question 9

Ad hominem circumstantial

Answer 9

Claim is challenged based on some feature of the persons circumstance

Question 10

Ad hominem poisoning the well

Answer 10

The source of the claim is cited as a reason to demean a claim before it is made

Question 11

Ad hominem tu quoque

Answer 11

Someone’s claim is dismissed bc the one making the claim fails to act consistently with the claim in question

Question 12

Accident

Answer 12

When a generalization is applied to a specific case that it does not properly govern

Question 13

Converse accident

Hasty generalization

Answer 13

Attribution of characteristics thought to be true of a few cases to a great run of cases

Question 14

Begging the question
Circular reasoning
Petitio principii

Answer 14

The argument presumes the truth of its conclusion as the premise or part of the premise

Question 15

Red herring

Answer 15

Speaker/writer diverts attention from the issue at hand by raising another issue and arguing it instead

Question 16

Argumentum ad baculum

Appeal to force

Answer 16

Using a threat to try to convince someone of a particular positition

Question 17

Modus ponens

Answer 17

If P, then q. P, therefore q.

Question 18

Modus tonens

Answer 18

If P, then Q. Not Q, therefore not P.

Question 19

Disjunctive syllogism

Answer 19

Either P or Q. Not P. Therefore Q.

Question 20

Hypothetical syllogism

Answer 20

If P, then Q. If Q, then R. Therefore, if P, then R.

Question 21

Constructive dilemma

Answer 21

If P, then Q, and if R, then S. Either P or R. Therefore, either Q or S.

Question 22

Affirming the consequent

Answer 22

If P, then Q. Q. Therefore P.

Question 23

Denying the antecedent

Answer 23

If P, therefore Q. Not P. Therefore, not Q.