Critical Reading as Reasoning Flashcards
It is the process of getting information.
Reading
- Engaging in analytic activity
- Evaluating, analyzing, and interpreting
Critical Reading
Giving statements for justification and explanation. It is the ability to defend a topic.
Reasoning
It is a statement that states one’s sound judgment about something through writing which is supported by reasons and evidence. It also presents the strengths and weaknesses of something based on a set of criteria which needs to be factual, substantial, and unbiased.
Evaluative Statement
-identifying assertions
-formulating counterclaims
-determining evidences
Steps in Critical Reading as Reasoning
It is the use of linguistic devices to express hesitation or uncertainty as well as to demonstrate politeness and indirectness.
Hedging
Modals, Frequency Adverbs, Probability Adverbs
Hedges
- Begin with the positives before you point out the negatives.
- Suggest a solution/s or suggestion/s on how to improve the written material being evaluated and provide justification how these will work.
- Keep your feedback concise and precise.
- Be careful in giving your feedback.
Formulating Evaluative Statements
- Begin with the positives before you point out the negatives.
- Suggest a solution/s or suggestion/s on how to improve the written material being evaluated and provide justification how these will work.
- Keep your feedback concise and precise.
- Be careful in giving your feedback.
Formulating Evaluative Statements
These are declarative sentences that claim something is true about something else. It is a sentence that is either true or false.
Assertions
It is a statement that can be proven objectively by direct experience, testimonies of witnesses, verified observations, or the results of research.
Fact
It is a way in which something is done, similar to traditions and norms. They depend on historical precedents, laws, rules, usage, and customs. Thus, their truthfulness is verified by how commonly held definitions and beliefs are interpreted.
Conventions
It is a statement based on facts, but is difficult to objectively verify because of the uncertainty of producing satisfactory proofs of soundness. They result from ambiguities; the more ambiguous a statement, the more difficult it is to verify. Thus, they are open to disputes.
Opinion
This states a personal choice in which the writer is under no obligation to support or prove truthfulness of the statement. They are subjective and cannot be objectively proven or logically attacked.
Preference
- Fact
- Convention
- Preference
- Opinion
Types of Assertions
The sampaguita’s roots are used for medicinal purposes, such as an anesthetic and a sedative.
FACT
The sampaguita belongs to the genus Jasminum of the family Oleaceae.
CONVENTION
The popularity of sampaguita flowers is most evident in places of worship.
OPINION
Sampaguitas are the most beautiful and most fragrant of all flowers.
PREFERENCE
These are classified according to the degree of certainty they can be judged as true or false.
Assertions, Type of Assertions
These are claims made to rebut a previous claim. They provide a contrasting perspective to the main argument.
Counterclaims
A statement that asserts facts based on one’s understanding about a particular topic/issue.
Claim
It is a part of an argument where a statement offers an explanation behind a party’s claim.
Reason
A statement that proves the truth of a claim and generally leads to the conclusion of an argument.
Evidence
- Claim
- Counterclaim
- Reason
- Evidence
Elements of an Argument
- What are the major points on which you and the author can disagree?
- What is their strongest argument? What did they say to defend their position?
- What are the merits of their view?
- What are the weaknesses or shortcomings in their argument? Are there any hidden assumptions?
- Which lines from the text best support the counterclaim you have formulated?
Formulating Counterclaims
Getting the information from the text word-for-word
Quotation
Rephrasing in your own words; not copying word-for-word
Paraphrasing
Shortening the text by just stating the main idea of the text
Summarizing
Quotation, Paraphrasing, Summarizing
Generating textual evidence
Point
Evidence
Explanation
Link
Steps in Making Textual Evidence
What are you trying to prove or say?
Point
Provide your evidence, what can you say that can back you up
Evidence
Explain yourself how does this evidence apply to what you are saying how does this improve your point
Explanation
Link to another point or back question, how are you going to transition into your next thought?
Link
