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Critical Numbers > Critical Numbers 1 > Flashcards

Critical Numbers 1 Flashcards

1
Q

risk ratio =

A

A/B

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2
Q

risk difference =

A

A - B

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3
Q

NUMBER NEEDED TO TREAT

A

1/|RD|

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4
Q

NUMBER NEEDED TO HARM

A

1/RD if RD > .0

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5
Q

RELATIVE RISK DIFFERENCE

A

A - B/B x100%

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6
Q

Pyramid of evidence

A
  1. Systematic review/ Meta-analysis of RCTs
  2. RCTs
  3. Controlled cohort study
  4. Case control study
  5. Case series
  6. Case study
  7. Anecdote
  8. Wishful thinking/blind hope/delusional thinking
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7
Q

Confounding:

A

A factor that independently influeneces the outcome of a situation but doesn’t lie on the causal pathway

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8
Q

2 approaches to stats:

A

Confidence Intervals

PI values

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9
Q

If a CI goes over 0…

A

it is not statistically significant

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10
Q

What is a confidence interval?

A

A range of values, so defined hat the true value probably lies within

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11
Q

P values are always between…

A

0 and 1

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12
Q

When your p value is small:

A

It is very unlikely that your results are down to chance.

Reject Ho

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13
Q

When your p value is large:

A

It is likely that your results are down to chance

Accept/do not reject Ho

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14
Q

P values are statistically significant if they are…

A

less than 0.05

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15
Q

Cross-sectional studies:

A

Non-experimental
Observational
Individual based
Analytic

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16
Q

Case-control study:

A

Non-experimental
Observational
Individual based
Analytic

17
Q

Cohort-study:

A

Non-experimental
Observational
Individual based
Analytic

18
Q

Ecological study:

A

Non-experimental
Observational
Population based
Analytic

19
Q

Descriptive study (health survey):

A

Non experimental
Observational
Population based
Descriptive

20
Q

Case reports/series:

A

Non experimental
Observational
Individual based
Descriptive

21
Q

RCT:

A

Experimental
Interventional study
Randomized

22
Q

Quasi-experimental/ Field trial/ Community trial:

A

Experimental
Interventional study
Non-randomized

23
Q

RCT strengths:

A

Minimise bias and confounding
Can look at multiple outcomes
Strong evidence of causal relationship

24
Q

RCT weaknesses:

A 
Huge cost
Huge teams
Dropouts
Ethical concerns
Complex to manage
25
Q

What does a case-control study do?

A

Looks at individual cases, past exposure is measured, prevalence of past exposure among cases and controls are compared.

26
Q

What does a cross-sectional study do?

A

Measures outcomes and exposure variables simultaneously in a given population at a given time

27
Q

What does an observational study do?

A

Record outcomes without intervention

28
Q

What does PICO stand for?

A

Patient/population
Intervention
Comparison/Control
Outcome

29
Q

What does PPI stand for?

A

Patient Public Involvement

30
Q

What does a descriptive study do?

A

Describes the occurrence of a disease, generates a hypothesis based on aetiology

31
Q

What is cluster sampling?

A

A population is partitioned into groups or clusters and a sample of clusters is selected by simple random sampling

32
Q

What is stratified random sampling?

A

A population is partitioned into groups and a sample is selected by simple random sampling in each group.

33
Q

What is systemic random sampling?

A

Members of the population are selected at equal intervals, first member is selected at random

34
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

A degree of variability around the mean value

35
Q

What is the clinical use of standard deviation?

A

The mean plus or minus two s.d. is considered the normal reference range.

E.g. normal Hb levels

36
Q

When is standard error low?

A

When sample size is large and/or variability in the data is low

37
Q

Equation for standard error:

A

SE = SD/ square root n

38
Q

The width of a CI depends on:

A

SE

level of confidence

39
Q

The wider a CI..

A

the less precise

Critical Numbers (1 decks)

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