Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Exam M - Anaesthetics (Megan and Rachel) > Critical Care > Flashcards

Critical Care Flashcards

1
Q

What is level 1 care?

A

Ward based care

Patient doesn’t require organ support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an example of level 1 care?

A

IV cannulation

Oxygen by facemask

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is level 2 care?

A

High dependency unit
Patient requires organ support for ONLY ONE organ
Excludes mechanical ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how many nurses are assigned to each patient in level 2 care?

A

HDU - 1 nurse to 2 patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is an example of level 2 care?

A

Invasive blood pressure monitoring

renal haemophiltration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is level 3 care?

A

Intensive care unit
Includes mechanical ventilation
Organ support for TWO OR MORE organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the nurse: patient ratio in level 3 care?

A

1 nurse to 1 patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is type 1 respiratory failure?

A

When there is a ventilation-perfusion mismatch (V/Q).

Low V/Q - when there is enough blood but not enough air (asthma)
High V/Q - when there is enough air but not enough blood (pulmonary embolism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels lie in type 1 respiratory failure?

A

Oxygen - low

Carbon dioxide - normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is type 2 respiratory failure?

A

this is caused by alveolar hypoventilation - the lungs can’t oxygenate and blow off CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the carbon dioxide and oxygen levels like in type 2 respiratory failure?

A

Oxygen - low
Carbon dioxide - high

(2 things wrong)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are causes of type 2 respiratory failure?

A 
COPD
Motor neurone disease
Guillan-Barre syndrome
Pulmonary fibrosis 
Opiates
Rib fracture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are types of non-invasive oxygen therapy?

A 
Nasal Cannula (ward based or high flow)
Simple face mask
Face mask (non-rebreather)
Non-invasive ventilation
Positive end expiratory pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are types of invasive ventilation?

A

ECHMO
Endotracheal tube
Tracheostomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How much oxygen can you give through a nasal cannula on a NORMAL ward?

A

2-4L/min (25-30% air)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How much oxygen can you give through a normal face mask?

A

4-10L/min (40% oxygen max)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How much oxygen can you give through a non-rebreather/trauma mask?

A

up to 15L/min (90% oxygen max)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are venter masks?

A

These deliver an EXACT amount of oxygen - used in COPD patients who are at risk of retaining C02 if oxygen flow is too high.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How much oxygen can you give through a HIGH FLOW nasal cannula?

A

Critical care -
Up to 60L/min

(it adds a small amount of positive pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which methods of oxygenation can be used on the normal ward?

A

Normal nasal cannula
Normal face mask
Non-rebreather mask

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the two types of non-invasive ventilation?

A

CPAP

BiPAP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is CPAP?

A

Contours positive airway pressure.

23
Q

What is BiPAP?

A

Bilevel positive airway pressure - a cycle of alternating pressures.

24
Q

What is the point of non-invasive pressure?

A

Applied a positive pressure to keep the lungs and airways open.

25
Q

Which methods are used in severe respiratory failure?

A

Endotracheal tube
ECHMO
Tracheostomy

The ETT and Trash are both required to be connected to a ventilator at all times.

26
Q

When is a tracheostomy indicated?

A

If the person requires long term invasive ventilation, as endotracheal tube doesn’t allow for talking, eating etc.

27
Q

What is extracorporeal membrane oxygenation?

A

When blood is removed from the body to be oxygenated and for carbon dioxide to be removed.

28
Q

what is shock?

A

Acute circulatory failure resulting in inadequate tissue perfusion leading to cellular hypoxia.

29
Q

What are the main 4 types of shock?

A

Distributive - septic (main)
cardiogenic - pump/heart failure
Hypovolaemic - dehydration or trauma
Obstructive - pneumothorax, PE

Others - neurogenic, anaphylactic (both causing dilation in the wrong places)

30
Q

what is septic shock?

A

this is a severe drop in arterial blood pressure which leads to inadequate tissue perfusion.

31
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

32
Q

What is an arterial line?

A

A cannula which is inserted into an artery.
Takes blood pressure
can take Arterial blood gas

NEVER used for giving medication.

33
Q

where are arterial lines inserted?

A

Mostly radial artery

sometimes brachial artery

34
Q

What is a central line?

A

A long thin tube with 3-5 lumens inserted into a vein, the tip sits in the vena cava.

35
Q

How long can a central line be kept in for?

A

7-10 days.

36
Q

What are central lines used for?

A

Can give drugs
take blood samples
measure central venous pressure

37
Q

which drugs are given through a central line?

A 
Drugs that would irritate the body if it was given through the periphery:
Ionotropes
potassium based 
amiodarone
noradrenaline
38
Q

Where are the central lines put in?

A

Internal jugular vein
subclavian vein
femoral vein

39
Q

which medication is given when there is a heart pump failure?

A

Ionotropes - supports contractility.

40
Q

what is dobutamine?

A

Beta agonist - only causes increase in heart rate and contractility. (doesn’t affect periphery)

Only used if you’re confident the problem is directly of the heart).

41
Q

What is metaraminol?

A

Alpha 1 agonist
Slight beta agonist
causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels and heart

42
Q

when is metaraminol used?

A

In septic shock

can be given peripherally or centrally.

43
Q

what is noradrenaline?

A

Alpha agonist with a little bit of beta agonist, more potent than metaraminol.

Only given through central line

44
Q

when is noradrenaline used?

A

in septic shock

45
Q

what do inotropes do?

A

Alter the contractility of a muscle - can increase or decrease depending on whether the inotrope is positive or negative.

46
Q

what are colloids?

A

Not used much anymore.

Fluid with large osmotic molecules.

47
Q

what are crystalloids?

A

Small molecule fluids, 0.9% saline, plasma, dextrose

48
Q

what are examples of fluid maintenance vs fluid resuscitation?

A

Maintenance - giving fluid because person can’t eat/drink

resuscitation - giving fluid for septic shock

49
Q

how much fluid can you give at one time?

A

250-500mls.

50
Q

who might be at risk of fluid overload?

A

Chronic heart failure patients.

51
Q

what is a fluid challenge?

A

when you give as much fluid as possible as quick as possible then wait to see if they improve.

If they don’t - call it quits and use medication (vasopressors and inotropes).

52
Q

What are vasopressors?

A

medications which cause vasoconstriction, increase blood pressure.

52
Q

What are vasopressors?

A

medications which cause vasoconstriction, increase blood pressure.

Exam M - Anaesthetics (Megan and Rachel) (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions