(Criminology3) HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY

Question 1

What is death?

Answer 1

Failure of vital functions and termination of life

Includes concepts like demise, departure from life, and extinction.

Question 2

What are the two general kinds of death?

Answer 2

• Natural Death
• Violent or Unnatural Death

Question 3

Define Natural Death.

Answer 3

Death caused solely by disease and/or the aging process.

Question 4

Define Violent or Unnatural Death.

Answer 4

Death resulting from external causes such as homicides, accidents, and suicides.

Question 5

What is the legal classification of death under the Revised Penal Code?

Answer 5

• Parricide
• Murder
  *Homicide
  *Infanticide

Question 6

What are the requisites of the crime of Parricide?

Answer 6

• A person was killed by the offender
• The victim was a father, mother, child, or other legitimate ascendants or descendants.

Question 7

What are the requisites of the crime of Murder?

Answer 7

• The offender killed the victim
• The killing is attended by qualifying aggravating circumstances
• There was intent to kill
• The killing is not parricide or infanticide

Question 8

What are some qualifying aggravating circumstances in murder?

Answer 8

• Use of superior strength
• Treachery
• Consideration of a price, reward, or promise
• Use of means to ensure impunity

Question 9

Fill in the blank: A violent death is either ______ or criminal.

Answer 9

accidental

Question 10

What does ‘with evident premeditation’ imply in the context of murder?

Answer 10

The offender planned the killing beforehand.

Question 11

True or False: A violent death can only occur through intentional acts.

Answer 11

False

Question 12

What does the term ‘cruelty’ refer to in the context of murder?

Answer 12

Deliberately and inhumanly augmenting the suffering of the victim.

Question 13

List some methods that could qualify as means of murder.

Answer 13

• Poison
• Explosion
• Shipwreck
• Use of motor vehicles
• Fire

Question 14

What is the significance of ‘taking advantage of superior strength’ in murder cases?

Answer 14

It constitutes a qualifying circumstance that aggravates the crime.

Question 15

What occurs when a physician declares a person has expired?

Answer 15

The moment of death is declared, and early signs of death are present.

These signs include pale face and lips, flaccid muscles, relaxed sphincters, dropped lower jaw, open eyelids, dilated pupils, and loss of skin elasticity.

Question 16

What is molecular or cellular death?

Answer 16

It is the death of all individual cells within the body, occurring 2 to 3 hours after somatic death.

The exact time of molecular death cannot be definitively ascertained as it is influenced by factors like previous health state, infection, and cellular nutrition.

Question 17

What is apparent death or state of suspended animation?

Answer 17

It is a transient loss of consciousness or temporary cessation of vital functions, not actual death.

This condition may arise from hysteria, uremia, catalepsy, or electric shock.

Question 18

What can happen to a newly born child in a state of suspended animation?

Answer 18

The child may die unless prompt action is taken.

This highlights the importance of recognizing suspended animation to prevent premature burial.

Question 19

What happens to a person’s civil personality upon death?

Answer 19

It is extinguished by death.

Question 20

When is a person’s property transmitted to heirs?

Answer 20

At the time of death.

Question 21

What is one cause of dissolution of a partnership agreement?

Answer 21

The death of a partner.

Question 22

What is a mode of extinguishment of agency?

Answer 22

The death of either the principal or agent.

Question 23

What happens to a person’s criminal and civil liability upon death?

Answer 23

It is extinguished by death.

Question 24

What is the first stage of death investigation?

Answer 24

Actual crime scene investigation performed by the PNP (Philippine National Police).

It includes the appreciation of the crime scene condition and collection of physical evidence.

Question 25

What can the condition of a crime scene indicate in violent death cases?

Answer 25

It may indicate the manner and cause of death. ## Footnote For example, a struggle may be inferred, or a handgun in the deceased's palm may indicate suicide.

Question 26

What is the second stage of death investigation?

Answer 26

Autopsy stage performed by a Medico-legal officer (MLO). ## Footnote This involves a comprehensive study of the deceased victim.

Question 27

What is the role of the Public Attorney's Office (PAO) MLO?

Answer 27

It participates in medico-legal investigations and autopsies.

Question 28

What does NBI MIO stand for?

Answer 28

National Bureau of Investigation Medical Investigator's Office.

Question 29

Who are authorized to perform autopsies and dissections?

Answer 29

Health officers, including district health officers and local health officers.

Question 30

What is the purpose of a medico-legal autopsy?

Answer 30

To ascertain the cause, manner, and time of death.

Question 31

When shall an autopsy be performed?

Answer 31

Upon written request from nearest kin, order of a competent court, or when required by special laws.

Question 32

Who has the property right of the dead body?

Answer 32

The state until a complete investigation is done.

Question 33

What is the difference between a hospital autopsy and a medico-legal autopsy?

Answer 33

Hospital autopsy is for clinical purposes; medico-legal autopsy is for legal investigations.

Question 34

What is a non-official autopsy?

Answer 34

An autopsy done with the consent of the deceased person's relatives for educational purposes.

Question 35

Fill in the blank: A _______ is performed on a dead body to determine the cause of death.

Answer 35

medico-legal autopsy

Question 36

True or False: A post-mortem examination involves an internal examination of the body.

Answer 36

False

Question 37

What is the function of a forensic pathologist?

Answer 37

To conduct autopsies and provide medical reports for law enforcement.

Question 38

What are the types of autopsies mentioned?

Answer 38

* Medico-legal autopsy * Hospital autopsy * Non-official autopsy

Question 39

What must be done with portions of the body not needed for medico-legal purposes?

Answer 39

They are to be turned over to the next of kin responsible for burial.

Question 40

What is the primary goal of a medico-legal autopsy?

Answer 40

To protect public interest by determining cause of death.

Question 41

Fill in the blank: A _______ examination is an external examination performed on a dead body.

Answer 41

post-mortem

Question 42

Who can request an autopsy?

Answer 42

Nearest kin, police authorities, or a competent court.

Question 43

What is the role of the medical examiner in an autopsy?

Answer 43

To conduct the autopsy and provide a factual medical report.

Question 44

What does the term 'medico-legal' refer to?

Answer 44

Legal aspects of medical practice, especially in death investigations.

Question 45

What is the purpose of preserving evidentiary material during an autopsy?

Answer 45

To aid in legal investigations and prosecutions.

Question 46

What is defined as the immediate or primary cause of death?

Answer 46

The disease or event that started the chain of events leading to death.

Question 47

What are the kinds of cause of death?

Answer 47

Physiological causes, injury, and disease processes.

Question 48

What does the cause of death refer to?

Answer 48

An injury or disease process that resulted in death.

Question 49

Fill in the blank: The cause of death may be _____ or _____ based on the nature of the event.

Answer 49

natural, violent

Question 50

What are the categories included in the manner of death?

Answer 50

* Natural * Accident * Homicide * Suicide * Undetermined

Question 51

What is the mechanism of death?

Answer 51

The physiological process that leads to death.

Question 52

True or False: Toxicity deaths are always classified as natural causes.

Answer 52

False

Question 53

What law seeks to prevent the premature disposition of human remains?

Answer 53

Mandatory Autopsy Law

Question 54

What is required before cremation of human remains subject to investigation?

Answer 54

A death certificate from a medical authority.

Question 55

What must happen when a death occurs under suspicious circumstances?

Answer 55

A mandatory full autopsy must be performed.

Question 56

What does the MLO investigate?

Answer 56

Cases of sudden deaths, accidents, and self-inflicted injuries.

Question 57

What is the required action if the deceased has no next of kin?

Answer 57

Permission for autopsy shall be secured from the local health authority.

Question 58

Fill in the blank: Autopsy can be performed when permission is granted or there is _____ from the next of kin.

Answer 58

no objection

Question 59

What must the Director of the hospital do upon a patient's death?

Answer 59

Notify the next of kin of the death.

Question 60

What is required within 48 hours after death regarding autopsy?

Answer 60

Permission must be raised for the autopsy.

Question 61

What is the role of accredited hospitals concerning autopsies?

Answer 61

They may conduct autopsies subject to certain requirements.

Question 62

What are the types of deaths that are generally considered for investigation?

Answer 62

* Intoxication * Drug addiction * Violence * Foul play

Question 63

What is emphysema?

Answer 63

A condition affecting the lungs characterized by the destruction of alveoli.

Question 64

What is pleurisy with effusion?

Answer 64

Inflammation of the pleura with fluid accumulation.

Question 65

What can cause paralysis of the respiratory muscles?

Answer 65

Injury to the spinal cord or action of poison.

Question 66

What are causes operating in the nervous system that can affect respiration?

Answer 66

Refraction of the atmosphere, strangulation, suffocation, and inhalation of irritant gases.

Question 67

What can lead to pressure on the respiratory tract?

Answer 67

Tumors or intracranial hemorrhage.

Question 68

What is the impact of foreign bodies in the larynx?

Answer 68

They can cause obstruction and respiratory distress.

Question 69

What diseases may cause respiratory issues in infancy?

Answer 69

Pneumonia, acute bronchitis, and tuberculosis.

Question 70

What is asphyxia?

Answer 70

Death resulting from a lack of oxygen supply to the body.

Question 71

What does exhaustive diseases refer to?

Answer 71

Conditions that lead to extreme fatigue and incapacitation.

Question 72

What can cause arterial hypertension with sclerosis?

Answer 72

Various cardiovascular diseases and lifestyle factors.

Question 73

What is a common cause of death from syncope?

Answer 73

Sudden and fatal cessation of heart function.

Question 74

What is myocardial degeneration?

Answer 74

Deterioration of heart muscle function.

Question 75

What does the proximate (secondary) cause of death refer to?

Answer 75

A condition that develops as a complication of the primary cause of death.

Question 76

What can be a consequence of a stab wound in the abdomen?

Answer 76

Generalized peritonitis leading to death.

Question 77

Fill in the blank: The supply of oxygen to the blood or to the tissues has been reduced below _______.

Answer 77

normal working level.

Question 78

True or False: Reflex inhibition of the heart can occur due to shock or strong emotions.

Answer 78

True

Question 79

What heart condition can lead to systemic embolism?

Answer 79

Bacterial endocarditis.

Question 80

What is the role of valvular diseases in heart health?

Answer 80

They can lead to heart failure and other serious complications.

Question 81

It refers to the decrease in body temperature after death.

Answer 81

Cooling of the body (Algor Mortis)