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criminology > criminology unit one > Flashcards

criminology unit one Flashcards

1
Q

Aggravated assault

A

is a felony that may involve an assault resulting in serious bodily harm or an assault committed with a weapon or with the intent to commit a serious crime, such as rape.

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2
Q

classical school

A

the idea of free will explains that offenders choose to engage in crime

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3
Q

Common Law

A

a legal system in which previous court decisions establish legal precedents & new decisions must be in keeping with past decisions

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4
Q

Control theory

A

focus on the inhibiting effects of conventional social institutions on criminal behavior

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5
Q

Criminal negligence

A

when a person acts with a disregard to obvious risks to human life and safety.

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6
Q

Felony

A

a crime punishable by a term of imprisonment of one year or more

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7
Q

Law enforcement code (Serial)

A

series of three or more killings, not less than one of which was committed within the United States

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8
Q

larceny

A

theft of personal property.

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9
Q

Misdemeanor

A

a nonindictable offense, regarded in the US (and formerly in the UK) as less serious than a felony.

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10
Q

Positivist school

A

assumes that criminal behaviour has its own distinct set of characteristics

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11
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

an individual’s expectations about another person or entity eventually result in the other person or entity acting in ways that confirm the expectations

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12
Q

Simple assault

A

refers to the threat or attempted injury of another individual.

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13
Q

Social bond

A

consist of four elements (attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief) and the presence of each element facilitates law-abiding behavior

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14
Q

Social disorganization

A

states that communities with high population turnover rates, diverse populations, and poverty are more likely to experience high levels of crime due to weakened social bonds.

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15
Q

Specific intent

A

typically require that the defendant intentionally commit an act and intend to cause a particular result when committing that act

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16
Q

Statutory Law

A

is written law passed by a body of legislature

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17
Q

Status offenses

A

a noncriminal act that is considered a law violation only because of a youth’s status as a minor

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18
Q

Victimless crimes

A

a legal offense to which all parties consent and no party is injured.

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19
Q

cesare beccaria

A

opposes capital punishment except under very restricted circumstances, and he argues that torture should never be used against an accused whose guilt has not been officially established.

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20
Q

Jeremy Bentham

A

the father of utilitarianism, a moral theory that argues that actions should be judged right or wrong to the extent they increase or decrease human well-being or ‘utility’.

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21
Q

Cesare Lombroso

A

criminality was inherited and that criminals could be identified by physical defects that confirmed them as being atavistic or savage

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22
Q

Jack Sawyer

A

told police he wanted to set a new record: highest death count for a school shooter.

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23
Q

Difference between civil and criminal law

A

Criminal law involves regulations enacted and enforced by government action, while civil law provides a remedy for individuals who need to enforce private rights of indivuals

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24
Q

Elements of a crime

A

the act or conduct, the individual’s mental state at the time of the act; and third, the causation between the act and the effect.

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25
Q

What constitutes statutory rape

A

the crime of sex with a minor when the sex is agreed to by both parties, not forced

26
Q

Classification of misdemeanors and felonies

A

Misdemeanors are punishable by substantial fines and sometimes jail time, usually less than one year. Felonies are the most serious type of crime and are often classified by degrees, with a first degree felony being the most serious.

27
Q

homicide

A

the deliberate and unlawful killing of one person by another; murder.

28
Q

First-degree murder.

A

causes the death of a human being while committing, conspiring to commit, or attempting to commit a felony crime to further terrorism and the death occurs under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to human life.

29
Q

Second-degree murder.

A

murder with malicious intent but not premeditated

30
Q

Felony Murder

A

a rule that allows a defendant to be charged with first-degree murder for a killing that occurs during a dangerous felony, even if the defendant is not the killer.

31
Q

Aggravating circumstances

A

Murder committed under certain circumstances, such as by laying in wait or targeting a person in a particular position, such as a police officer, judge, or firefighter, can lead to a more severe sentence, including the death penalty.

32
Q

Involuntary manslaughter.

A

the unintentional killing of someone due to negligence or recklessness.

33
Q

Voluntary manslaughter.

A

the crime of killing another person unlawfully in circumstances that do not amount to murder

34
Q

Vehicular manslaughter.

A

When this crime is charged, the driver had no intent to kill or cause serious bodily harm but operated a vehicle with criminal negligence

35
Q

Intoxication is not a defense to manslaughter.

A

Where an intoxicated person acts with criminal negligence and causes the death of another

36
Q

Manslaughter

A

is the unlawful killing of one human being by another without malice aforethought.

37
Q

White-collar crime

A

a type of non-violent crime that is financially motivated.

38
Q

Fraud

A

a broad term that encompasses several different schemes used to defraud people of their money

39
Q

Insider trading

A

trading done with the benefit of the trader possessing material, non-public information that gives him or her an advantage in the financial markets.

40
Q

Ponzi scheme

A

When the scammer is no longer able to attract a sufficient number of new clients to pay off the old ones, the scheme collapses like a house of cards, leaving many investors with huge losses.

41
Q

Identity theft and other cybercrimes

A

Identity theft and computer system “hacking” are two of the most widespread computer crimes

42
Q

Embezzlement

A

a crime of theft, or larceny,

43
Q

Counterfeiting

A

Making fake money or using

44
Q

Money laundering

A

involves funneling the cash through several accounts and eventually into legitimate businesses,

45
Q

Espionage

A

spying

46
Q

difference between robbery and burglary

A

Burglary involves a person illegally entering a building in order to commit a crime while inside; robbery is generally when someone takes something of value directly from another person by the use of force or fear.

47
Q

difference between correlation and causation

A

Correlation means there is a statistical association between variables. Causation means that a change in one variable causes a change in another variable

48
Q

Strain Theory

A

proposal that pressure derived from social factors, such as lack of income or lack of quality education, drives individuals to commit crime

49
Q

differential Association theory

A

proposing that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior.

50
Q

Labeling theory

A

people come to identify and behave in ways that reflect how others label them

51
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

learning process social behavior which proposes that new behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others

52
Q

Life Course Theory

A

used as a backbone n factor throughout childhood is the one parent household case in which studies have shown cause a higher risk for criminal activity later in one’s life.

53
Q

feminist criminology

A

focuses on women offenders, women victims, and women in the criminal justice system in order to understand the causes, trends, and results of female criminality.

54
Q

Assault

A

the act of inflicting physical harm or unwanted physical contact upon a person

55
Q

Terrorism

A

Targeting people or property for a political cause

56
Q

Prohibited Act

A

Guilty act

57
Q

Criminal intent

A

Guilty mind

58
Q

Specific intent

A

Deciding to commit a crime

59
Q

general Intent

A

Doing something the law prohibits

60
Q

Strict Liability

A

no mental state is required

61
Q

Criminal negligence

A

acting with an extreme lack of care

criminology (1 decks)

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